Fig. 9.
Underlying molecular mechanisms of osteogenesis induced by the ES-mediated MXene/RSF hydrogel. Top 25 results from the (A) GO and (B) KEGG biological process enrichment analysis of the upregulated and downregulated DEGs. (C) Heat map summarizing the DEGs related to the calcium-signaling pathway. (D) Schematic diagram showing the potential calcium-signaling pathway. (E) Relative intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) of BMSCs on day 7. (F, G) Protein expression levels and quantitative results of CALM, RUNX-2, and COL-1 in BMSCs with various interventions as indicated. (H) Immunohistochemical staining of CALM and COL-1 in decalcified bone tissue at 12 weeks after surgery. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, n = 3.