Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies on the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines.
| Study | Vaccine | Administration (dosage, no. of doses) | Age range | No. of participants (n/N) | Country | Immunoassay days (D 1, D 2) | Study types (phase, no. of centers, blinding) | Estimated seroconversion rate (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asano 2022§ (49) | ChAdOx1-S-(AZD1222) | 5 × 1010 VP, 2 | ≥ 56 | 49/86 | Japan | D 56, D 28 | I/II, 5, double-blind | 56.90% (46.42, 67.07) |
| Bueno 2021† (51) | CoronaVac | 3 µg, 2 | ≥ 60 | −/27 | Chile | D 42, D 28 | III, 8, observer-blinded | − |
| Chu 2021 (52) | mRNA-1273 | 50 µg/100 µg, 2 | ≥ 55 | 140/140 | the United States | D 56, D 28 | II, 8, observer-blinded | 99.82% (98.45, 99.84) |
| Ella 2021 (53) | BBV152 vaccine | 6 µg, 2 | ≥ 60 | −/52 | Indian | D 56, D 28 | III, 25, double-blind | − |
| Formica 2021 (55) | NVX-CoV2373 | 5 µg/25 µg, 2 | ≥ 60 | 51/52 | the United States, Australia | D 35, D 14 | II, 17, observer-blinded | 97.25% (91.20, 99.90) |
| Guo 2021† (56) | WIBP COVID-19 vaccine | 2.5 µg/5 µg/10 µg, 3 | ≥ 60 | 219/247 | China | D 112, D 28 | I/II, 2, double-blind | 88.51% (84.25, 92.17) |
| Hsieh 2021 (60) | MVC-COV1901 | 15 µg, 2 | ≥ 65 | 220/221 | China | D 56, D 28 | II, 11, double-blind | 99.34% (97.86, 99.98) |
| Li 2021† (62) | BNT162b1 | 10 µg/30 µg, 2 | ≥ 65 | 43/46 | China | D 42, D 21 | I, 1, double-blind | 92.59% (83.47, 98.25) |
| Liu 2021 (63) | KCONVAC | 5 µg/10 µg, 3 | ≥ 60 | 176/179 | China | D 112, D 28 | II, 3, double-blind | 98.07% (95.55, 99.56) |
| Logunov 2021 (64) | Gam-COVID-Vac | 10 × 1011 VP, 2 | > 60 | 7/7 | Russia | D 42, D 21 | III, 25, double-blind | 96.77% (74.69, 97.28) |
| Masuda 2022 (65) | mRNA-1273 | 100 mg, 2 | ≥ 65 | 49/49 | Japan | D 56, D 28 | I/II, 2, observer-blinded | 99.50% (95.67, 99.54) |
| Meng 2021 (66) | Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cells) | 40 µg, 3 | ≥ 60 | 86/116 | China | D 70/72, D 28 | I/II, 1, double-blind | 73.93% (65.63, 81.45) |
| Richmond 2021 (68) | SCB-2019 | 3 µg/9 µg/30 µg, 2 | ≥ 55 | 23/24 | Australia | D 49, D 28 | I, 1, double-blind | 94.16% (81.85, 99.77) |
| Sadoff 2021 (69) | Ad26.COV2.S | 5 × 1010/1 × 1011 VP, 1 | ≥ 65 | 92/100 | Belgium, the United States | D 28, D 28 | I/II a, 12, double-blind | 91.59% (85.42, 96.18) |
| Shu 2021 (72) | Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Protein Vaccine (V-01) | 10 µg/25 µg, 2 | ≥ 60 | 225/232 | China | D 49, D 28 | II, 1, double-blind | 96.78% (94.14, 98.66) |
| Wu 2021* (75) | CoronaVac | 3 µg/6 µg, 2 | ≥ 60 | 239/243 | China | D 56, D 28 | I/II, 1, double-blind | 98.16% (96.10, 99.46) |
| Xia 2021 (76) | BBIBP-CorV | 2 µg/4 µg/8 µg, 2 | ≥ 60 | 70/70 | China | D 42, D 14 | I, 1, double-blind | 99.65% (96.94, 99.68) |
| Zeng 2022* (22) | CoronaVac | 1.5 µg/3 µg/6 µg, 3 | ≥ 60 | 83/85 | China | D 268, D 28 | II, 1, double-blind | 97.12% (92.57, 99.58) |
| Zhang 2021 (77) | Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Protein Vaccine (V-01) | 10 µg/25 µg/50 µg, 2 | ≥ 60 | −/68 | China | D 56, D 28 | I, 1, double-blind | − |
| Zhu 2020 (78) | Ad5-nCoV | 5 × 1010/1 × 1011 VP, 1 | ≥ 55 | 14/51 | China | D 28, D 28 | II, 1, double-blind | 27.88% (16.65, 40.73) |
| Zhu 2021§ (79) | Ad5-nCoV | 5 × 1010/1 × 1011 VP, 2 | ≥ 56 | 183/198 | China | D 84, D 28 | II b, 1, double-blind | 92.21 (88.10, 95.52) |
Vp, viral particles; nAb, neutralizing antibody; n, the number of participants in vaccination group with seroconversion; N, total number of per-protocol set in vaccination group to assessed SARS-CoV-2-specific nAb. D 1 and D 2 refer to the same day; D 1, days after first vaccination; D 2, days after the last vaccination. (The day of the first dose of the vaccine is Day 0). *Two articles are from the same trial. †SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titer was assessed based on the variant virus strain. §SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titer was assessed based on the pseudovirus.