TABLE 2.
Allelic variants of candidate genes for HTN in relation to the salt-sensitive phenotype affect renal sodium transport or vascular reactivity.
| Candidate gene | Associated variants | Mode of action of the encoded protein | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genes of the Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | Insertion/Insertion and Insertion/Deletion genotypes | Increase renal sodium transport | Giner et al. (2000) |
| Angiotensin II type 1 receptor | rs4524238 | Iwai et al. (2007) | ||
| Angiotensinogen (AGT) | M235T (rs699) | ElAlfy et al. (2019) | ||
| Genes related to Mineralocorticoids and aldosterone | 11-B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase gene (11βHSD) | (rs45598932 G-209A) | Alikhani‐Koupaei et al. (2007) | |
| Serum- & Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase (SGK1) | rs2758151 and rs9402571 | Rao et al. (2013) | ||
| CYP3A5 gene | CYP3A5 *1 allele | Eap et al. (2007) | ||
| Genes related to renal ion transport | Neuronal precursor cells expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-like (NEDD4L) | rs4149601 GG-genotype together with the rs2288774 CC-genotype | (Manunta et al., 2008; Rizzo and Staub, 2015) | |
| Protein kinase, lysine-deficient 1 (WNK1) | rs880054 | Manunta et al. (2008) | ||
| Chloride channel, Kidney A (CLCNKA) | rs5718 (G-173A) | Barlassina et al. (2007) | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic peptide | ANP gene | Homozygous deletion | Mishra et al. (2018) | |
| Klotho gene | Klotho gene (KL) | rs9536314 | Citterio et al. (2020) | |
| Sodium bicarbonate exchangers | Solute Carrier Family 24 Member 3 (SLC24A3) | Increase vascular reactivity | (Citterio et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2017) | |
| Solute Carrier Family 8 Member 1 (SLC8A1) | rs7571842 and rs10177833 | (Blaustein et al., 2009; Carey et al., 2012) | ||
| Endothelin (ET) system | Endothelin Receptor type B gene (ENDRB) | rs5351 | Caprioli et al. (2008) |