Fig. 2.

Potential applications of organoid models in precision medicine. As a versatile in vitro model, organoids can cover many applications from disease modeling to clinical trials and achieve the purpose of precise and personalized treatment. The scope of organoid research includes (1) Disease modeling. (2) Pathogenic infection. (3) Biobanking of organoids. (4) Clinical trials. (5) Stem cell function and regeneration (delivery of organoids to repair intestinal epithelium or activate the repair program of endogenous stem cells). (6) Drug screening (patient-specific high-throughput screening and discovery). (7) Immunotherapy. (8) Gene therapy and FMT