TABLE 2.

Application of biochemical and molecular markers in genetic diversity studies of the date palm.

Markers type	Markers used	Genotypes studied	Geographical location of studied genotypes	Study type	Citation
Isozyme	5	26 female and 20 male date palm cultivars and breeding populations	California	Inheritance in date palm seedlings	Torres and Tisserat (1980)
Isozyme	7	186 plants belonging to 31 cultivars	Algeria	Genetic diversity analysis	Bennaceur et al. (1991)
Isozyme	3	28 genotypes	Morocco	Varietal identification	Bendiab et al. (1998)
RFLP and RAPD	-	5	-	Cultivar identification	Corniquel and Mercier (1994)
RAPD	19	43	Morocco, Iraq, Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Sedra et al. (1998)
ISSR	12	18	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Zehdi et al. (2002)
ISSR	15	8	Ethiopia	Genetic diversity	Takele et al. (2021)
RAPD		3 female and 4 male trees	Egypt	Genetic diversity	Soliman et al. (2003)
RAPD	37	13	Saudi Arabia	Genetic diversity	Al-Khalifah and Askari (2003)
RAPD	12	5	Saudi Arabia	Genetic diversity and cultivar identification	Al-Moshileh et al. (2004)
RAMPO	18	30 female and 10 male trees	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Rhouma et al. (2008)
RAPD	3	10	Bahrain	Genetic diversity	Pathak and Hamzah (2008)
RAPD and ISSR	5 each	4	Saudi Arabia	Genetic diversity	Abdulla and Gamal (2010)
ISSR and AFLP	13 and 6	10	Saudi Arabia	Genetic diversity and cultivar identification	Sabir et al. (2014a)
SSR	22	24 female and 6 male trees	Iraq	Genetic diversity	Khierallah et al. (2011b)
AFLP	6	11 female and 7 male trees	Iraq	Genetic diversity	Khierallah et al. (2011a)
RAPD and ISSR	35 and 15	18 female and 5 male trees	Syria	Genetic diversity	Haider et al. (2012)
RAPD and ISSR	30 and 12	10 female and 7 male trees	Iraq	Genetic diversity	Khierallah et al. (2014)
RAMPO and AFLP	18 and 6	40	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Soumaya et al. (2011)
ISSR and DAMD	5 and 8	9	UAE	Genetic diversity	Purayil et al. (2018)
ISSR	10	14	Iran	Genetic variability and population structure	Sharifi et al. (2018)
cpDNA sequences	-	47	Iran	Genetic diversity	Sharifi et al. (2018)
RAPD	3	10	Bahrain		Pathak and Hamzah (2008)
RAPD and ISSR	35 and 15	18	Syria	Genetic diversity	Haider et al. (2012)
RAPD	19	43	Morocco, Iraq, Tunisia	Genetic diversity and cultivar identification	Sedra et al. (1998)
RAPD	5	10	Nigeria	Genetic diversity	Emoghene et al. (2015)
RAPD and ISSR	27 and 21	20	Algeria	Genetic diversity	Guettouchi et al. (2017)
IR fluorescence- labeled AFLP markers	4	21	USDA germplasm collection	Genetic diversity	Cao and Chao (2002)
IR fluorescence-labeled AFLP markers	-	2	California (United States)	Genetic purity testing of Deglet Noor and Medjool	Devanand and Chao (2003a, 2003b)
Fluorescence-labeled AFLP	4	Various accessions of Medjool and Deglet Noor	Morocco, Egypt, and California (United States)	Genetic similarity/diversity within accession	Elhoumaizi et al. (2006)
AFLP	4	47 accessions of Medjool and Deglet Noor	Egypt	Genetic similarity/diversity within accession	El-Assar et al. (2005)
AFLP	5	5 individuals of 3 genotypes		Varietal identity among offshoots	Diaz et al. (2003)
AFLP	4	18	Iraq	Genetic relationship and varietal identification	Jubrael et al. (2005)
AFLP	-	10	UAE	Genetic fidelity of tissue culture‒raised plants	Al Kaabi et al. (2007)
AFLP	6	40	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Rhouma et al. (2007)
SCoT (start codon targeted)	4	113 trees of 13 varieties	Iran	Genetic diversity	Saboori et al. (2020)
SSR	14	49	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Zehdi et al. (2004)
SSR	16	37 female and 23 male trees	Sudan and Morocco	Genetic diversity	Elshibli and Korpelainen (2008)
SSR	10	200 individuals from 19 populations	Sudan	Genetic diversity	Elshibli and Korpelainen (2009)
SSR	5	26	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Hammadi et al. (2011)
SSR	14	74 female and 27 male trees	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	Zehdi et al. (2012)
SSR	17	31	Algeria	Genetic diversity	Akkak et al. (2009)
SSR	37	18	-	Varietal identification	Johnson et al. (2009)
SSR	10	21	Oman, Bahrain, Iraq, and Morocco	Genetic diversity in tissue culture‒raised plants	Al-Ruqaishi et al. (2008)
SSR	10	15	Qatar	Genetic diversity	Ahmed and Al-Qaradawi (2010)
SSR		11	Qatar	Genetic diversity	Elmeer et al. (2011)
SSR	14	59 plants from 12 cultivars	Qatar	Inter- and intra-varietal genetic diversity	Elmeer and Mattat (2015)
SSR	22	16	Iraq, Iran, and Africa	Genetic diversity	Arabnezhad et al. (2012)
SSR	16	377 female trees of 18 cultivars and 63 male trees	Libya	Molecular typing and diversity analysis	Racchi et al. (2014)
SSR	15	200 trees consisting of 191 females belonging to 26 cultivars, and 9 male trees	Morocco	Genetic diversity	Bodian et al. (2012)
SSR	16	377 trees belonging to 18 cultivars	Libya	Genetic diversity	Racchi et al. (2014)
SSR	10	89 female plants from 18 cultivars	Sudan	Genetic diversity	Elsafy et al. (2016)
SSR	46	45	Pakistan	Genetic diversity	Faqir et al. (2016)
SSR	22	32	Saudi Arabia	Genetic diversity	Al-Faifi et al. (2016)
Fluorescence-labeled SSRs	17	82	Australia	Genetic diversity	Al-Najm et al. (2017)
SSR	255	1,066 date palms from 411 cultivars	12 different countries	Genetic diversity	Salomon-Torres et al. (2017)
SSR	18	113 date palms involving 31 males and 82 females	Nigeria	Genetic diversity	Zango et al. (2017)
SSR and chloroplast mini-satellite	18 and 1	414 trees belonging to 114 varieties	Algeria	Genetic diversity	Moussouni et al. (2017)
SSR	12	38 wild date palm genotypes	Bangladesh	Genetic diversity	Huda et al. (2019)
SSR	8	24 male pollinizers	Tunisia	Genetic diversity	El Kadri et al. (2019)
Mitochondrial and plastid genome-based SNPs	-	9 varieties		Molecular characterization	Sabir et al. (2014b)
GBS-based SNPs	-	70 female genotypes and four other species			Mathew et al. (2015)
SNPs	-	62 cultivars		Genetic diversity and gene-trait relationship	Hazzouri et al. (2015)
GBS-based SNPs	-	191 cultivars		Genetic diversity	Thareja et al. (2018)
MatK, rbcl, atpB, and SNPs	-			SNP typing and varietal identification	Al-Dous et al. (2011)
ITSs	-	15	Tunisia	Haplotype identification and diversity analysis	Maina et al. (2019)