Table 2.
Clinical significance of different types of vaccines against HPV infection.
| Vaccine type | Vaccine name | Phase of trial | HPV infection | Patients | Comments | Side effects | Reference/clinical trial number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peptide/Protein based | HPV16-SLP | 2 | HPV16+VIN3 | 20 | Complete response by nine patients, circulation of HPV16 specific T cells among 85% of patients, 83% of patients had CMI against HPV16 | Redness, high skin temperature, pain and swelling at vaccine site, fever and chills, tiredness | (86) |
| 2 | HPV16 +HSIL | 9 | After vaccination, a strong HPV-specific T-cell response was seen in all patients, and changes in the pattern of immune infiltrate | Headache, itching, swelling, redness, reaction at the injection site, fatigue, chills, fever, nausea, diarrhea | (87) | ||
| 2 | HPV16 + advanced gynecological carcinoma | 20 | HPV-specific immune response in nine patients | Nausea, fever, chills, flu-like symptoms, injection site reaction, fatigue | (88) | ||
| 2 | Low-level abnormalities of the cervix | 50 | HPV16-specific CMI was generated in 97% of patients | Injection site reaction, flu-like symptoms | (89) | ||
| Advanced metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer | 18 | Scheduled to receive carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy. Proliferative T-cell response was seen in 11 to 12 patients who were vaccinated |
Thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, chemotherapy-related anemia, alopecia, gastroenteritis, pulmonary embolism, cancer-related shortness of breath, hydronephrosis, abdominal pain, erysipelas | (90) | |||
| GL-0810 | 1 | Head and neck metastatic squamous cell carcinoma | 5 | T cell was developed and antibody response was observed among 80% of patients | Itching, erythema, pain at the vaccine site | (91) | |
| Pepcan + Candin | 1 | Biopsy confirmed HSIL | 31 | Histological disease regression was experienced by 45% of subjects | Mild to moderate reaction at the injection site | (92) | |
| GTL001 (ProCervix) | 1 | HPV16/18-positive patients having normal cytology | 47 | Patients in cohort 4 (n = 9) experienced a higher rate of HPV16/18 clearance by applying 600 µg of GLT001 powder and imiquimod | Pain, itching, tenderness, swelling at injection site reaction | (93) | |
| TA-CIN | 1 | Healthy patients | 40 | CMI was generated among 25 patients out of 32, TA-CIN-specific IgG in 24 vaccinated patients out of 32 | Reaction at the injection site, fatigue, tenderness, headache | (94) | |
| 2 | VIN2/3 | 19 | 63% lesion response after 1 year of vaccination; in lesion responders, specific CMI was observed | Reaction at injection site associated with imiquimod | (95) | ||
| TA-CIN+TA-HPV | 1 | HPV16+VIN | 10 | In two patients partial/complete clinical response was observed | (96) | ||
| 2 | HPV16 + high-grade AGIN | 29 | TA-CIN-induced T-cell response was seen in 17 patients, HPV16/18-E6/E7 specific T-cell response was generated in 11 patients, IgG response regarding HPV16-E7 was seen in 14 patients | No side effects | (97) | ||
| Nucleotide based | pNGVL4a-sig/E7(detox)/HSP70 + TA-HPV | 1 | HPV16 + CIN 3 | 12 | HPV16-E7 specific CMI was generated among 58% of patients who were vaccinated, increment of CD8+ T-cell infiltration to lesions | Blister, erythema, pruritus, tenderness, local site reaction | (98) |
| pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox) | 1 | HPV16 + CIN 2/3 | 32 | About 30% of patients who were vaccinated experienced histological regression to CIN 1; after vaccination, increment of intraepithelial C8+ T-cell infiltrate | Reaction at the injection site | (99) | |
| GX-188E | 1 | HPV16/18 + CIN 3 | 9 | HPV-specific CMI was observed in all patients, by the end of the trial complete lesion regression was demonstrated in seven patients | Swelling, pain at the injection site, hypoesthesia, fatigue, headache, chills, rhinitis | (100) | |
| VGX-3100 | 1 | HPV16/18 + CIN 2/3 | 18 | Eighteen patients showed HPV-specific CMI, all patients showed HPV-specific humoral immunity | Tenderness, fever, reaction at injection site | (101) | |
| 2b | HPV16/18 + CIN 2/3 | 167 | Regression was demonstrated in 49.5% of patients who were vaccinated as compared to 30.6%, T-cell and humoral responses (102) were enhanced due to vaccinations | Fatigues, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, erythema, reaction at the injection site | (103) | ||
| DNA (ZYC101) | 1 | HPV16 | 12 | The immune responses to the peptide epitopes encoded within ZYC101 were raised in 10 of the 12 individuals, and they remained elevated 6 months following the start of therapy. | Back pain, fatigue, influenza-like symptoms, headache | (104) | |
| 1 | HPV16 | 15 | Five women showed complete histologic responses, and 11 had T-cell responses specific to the human papillomavirus. Immunoglobulin and anti-E2-specific antibodies were found in four of five full histologic responses. | Back pain, fatigue, influenza-like symptoms, headache | (104) | ||
| DNA (ZYClOla) | 2 | HPV16/18 | 127 | It was well tolerated by all patients and helped to resolve CIN 2/3 in women under the age of 25. | Reaction at the injection site and pain | (105) | |
| DNA (pNGVL4a-Sig/E7 (detox)/HSP70) | 1 | HPV16 | 15 | It is relatedly risk-free and well-tolerated. In patients with established dysplastic lesions, it appears that HPV-specific T-cell responses can be elicited. | Mild transient injection-site discomfort | (105) | |
| Prime with DNA (pNGVL4a-Sig/E7(detox)/HSP70), boost with recombinant vaccinia virus (TA-HPV) ± imiquimod | 1 | HPV16/18 | 75 | Study ongoing | – | NCT00788164 | |
| Live vector-based vaccines | ADXS11-001 | 2 | HPV16 | 54 | – | – | NCT01266460 |
| ADXS11-001 administered following chemoradiation as adjuvant treatment | 3 | HPV16 | 450 | – | – | AIM2CERV | |
| Live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes vaccine | 1 | HPV16 | 15 | In end-stage ICC patients, Lm-LLO-E7 infusion was found to be safe and well tolerated. | Chills, vomiting, nausea, pyrexia, headache | (106) |