Table 2. Prevalence of informal payments reported in cross-sectional studies.
Author & country | Data
collection year |
Sample size and study
population |
Metric | Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Papers based on Afrobarometer surveys | ||||
Pring & Vrushi
20
; 35 African
countries |
2016–2018 | 47,000 households | The proportion that gave a gift/paid a bribe/did a favor to get services
at a public health center or clinic in the past 12 months |
1.0–50.0%
mean:14.0% |
Kankeu & Ventelou
13
; 33 African
countries |
2011–2013
2005–2006 |
51,605 households (33
countries) 25,397 households (18 countries) |
The proportion that paid a bribe, gave a gift or did a favor to
government officials to get treatment at a local health clinic or hospital in the past 12 months |
0.4-51.3%
2.9-47.8% |
Studies based on patient/household reports | ||||
Masiye et al. 48 ; Zambia | 2018 | 1900 patients | The proportion that made any payments for healthcare services
received at public primary health facilities on the survey day |
6.2% |
Oduor 51 ; Kenya | 2012 | 183 households | The proportion that paid informal payments at public health facilities | 10.0% (inpatient care)
8.0% (outpatient care) |
Kruk et al. 35 ; Tanzania | 2007 | 1322 women | The proportion that paid provider payments for free facility delivery
services at government health facilities within the 5 years before the survey |
84.6% (dispensary)
35.7% (health centers) 30.0% (hospitals) |
Lindkvist 41 ; Tanzania | 2007 | 3494 patients | The proportion that reported that healthcare workers at public and
faith-based facilities accept informal payments |
12.0% |
Kankeu et al. 37 ; Cameroon | 2006–2007 | 1637 HIV patients | The proportion that made informal payments for consultation with a
doctor at public and private facilities on the survey day |
3.1% |
Paredes-Solís
et al.
31
; Uganda and
South Africa |
1998
2003 |
18,412 households (Uganda)
5,490 households (South Africa) |
The proportion that made payments directly to healthcare workers at
government health facilities |
28.0%
1.0% |
Hunt 2010 39 ; Uganda | 2002 | 12,000 households | The proportion that had paid a bribe at a public or private health
facility in the past three months |
17.0% (public sector)
11.0% (private sector) |
Studies based on health workers reports | ||||
Binyaruka et al ;Tanzania 49 | 2019 | 432 health workers | The proportion that had ever asked for/been given informal payment/
bribe from clients at public primary care facilities |
27.1% |
Maini
et al.
46
; Democratic Republic
of Congo (DRC) |
2014 | 406 nurses | The proportion that received informal payments/gifts from patients at
public primary care facilities in the last month |
16.8% |
Bertone & Lagarde 47 ; Sierra Leone | 2013–2014 | 266 health workers | The proportion that received gifts and payments from patients in the
past month at public primary care facilities |
74.0% |
Akwataghibe et al. 38 ; Nigeria | not stated | 69 healthcare workers | The proportion that accepted gifts and informal payments from
patients at public health facilities in exchange for priority treatment |
33.4% |