Table 3. Patient factors associated with informal payments.

Patient factors	Number of citations	Study reference
Socioeconomic characteristics
Age	2	37, 48
Marital status	1	37
Employment status	1	37
Income/wealth	7	13, 33, 37, 39– 41, 46
Household head	1	31
Residence (rural/urban)	3	36, 37, 48
Distance to the health facility	1	48
Awareness of service entitlements and fees	3	32, 34, 46
Health status
Self-rated health	1	37
Change in health status e.g. during pregnancy/labor	1	33
Social connections
Absence of connections with health facility staff	1	50