TABLE 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | Vitamin D3 group (n = 71) |
Placebo group (n = 73) |
| Age, years | 55.2 ± 12.5 | 53.4 ± 13.8 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Male | 37 (52.1) | 40 (54.8) |
| Female | 34 (47.9) | 33 (45.2) |
| Race or ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| White | 37 (52.1) | 45 (61.6) |
| Pardob | 21 (29.6) | 22 (30.1) |
| Black | 12 (16.9) | 6 (8.2) |
| Asian | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2c | 32.8 ± 6.1 | 32.1 ± 6.9 |
| Body-mass index category, n (%)c | ||
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 4 (6.2) | 9 (12.9) |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 18 (27.7) | 21 (30.0) |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 43 (66.2) | 40 (57.1) |
| Time for length of hospital stay, days | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.5) |
| Time from symptom onset to randomization, days | 10.0 (7.0–12.0) | 10.0 (8.0–14.0) |
| Time from symptom onset to hospital discharge, days | 17.0 (13.0–20.0) | 18.0 (15.5–23.5) |
| Time from symptom onset to 1st interview, days | 218.0 (191.0–252.0) | 221.0 (197.0–248.0) |
| Time from symptom onset to 2nd interview, days | 398.0 (378.0–413.0) | 393.0 (373.0–411.7) |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL | 21.8 ± 10.7 | 21.2 ± 8.1 |
| Severe 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency at randomization, n (%) | 10 (14.1) | 9 (12.3) |
| Dose of glucocorticoid at randomization, mgd | 5.7 ± 12.5 | 4.1 ± 3.8 |
| Concomitant medications, n (%) | ||
| Anticoagulant | 65 (91.5) | 59 (80.8) |
| Antibiotic | 60 (84.5) | 65 (89.0) |
| Glucocorticoid | 48 (67.6) | 45 (61.6) |
| Antihypertensive | 41 (57.7) | 32 (43.8) |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 30 (42.3) | 30 (41.1) |
| Antiemetic | 29 (40.8) | 37 (50.7) |
| Analgesice | 28 (39.4) | 36 (50.0) |
| Hypoglycemic | 13 (18.3) | 12 (16.4) |
| Hypolipidemic | 6 (8.5) | 11 (15.1) |
| Thyroid | 9 (12.7) | 9 (12.3) |
| Antiviralf | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.4) |
| Oxygen supplementation, n (%) | ||
| Oxygen therapy | 58 (81.7) | 59 (80.8) |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 8 (11.3) | 11 (15.1) |
| No oxygen therapy | 5 (7.0) | 3 (4.1) |
| Computed tomography findings, n (%)g | ||
| Ground-glass opacities ≥50% | 35 (54.7) | 39 (61.9) |
| Ground-glass opacities < 50% | 29 (45.3) | 24 (38.1) |
aValues are mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). Continuous variables were analyzed by an independent t-test. Percentages were analyzed by chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019. bPardo is the exact term used in Brazilian Portuguese, meaning “mixed ethnicity,” according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. cBody mass index data were missing for 6.3% of patients (n = 3 in the placebo group and n = 6 in the vitamin D3 group). SI conversion factors: To convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D to nmol/L, multiply values by 2.496. 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml). No patients in the vitamin D3 group and 8 (10.9%) patients in the placebo group remained with severe 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency at hospital discharge, which precludes a comparison of long-term symptoms. d Glucocorticoid information was standardized in dexamethasone doses. eAnalgesic data were missing for 0.7% of patients (n = 1 in the vitamin D3 group). f Included 1 patient from the vitamin D3 group and 1 patient from the placebo group receiving 75 mg of oseltamivir two times per day for 5 days. g Computed tomography finding data were missing for 11.8% of patients (n = 10 in the placebo group and n = 7 in the vitamin D3 group).