TABLE 2.
Persistence of symptoms and coexisting diseases from baseline to 1 year after hospital discharge for COVID-19.
| Outcomes | Vitamin D3 group (n = 71) |
Placebo group (n = 73) |
P a | P b | P c | ||||
| Baseline | 6 months | 12 months | Baseline | 6 months | 12 months | ||||
| COVID-19 symptoms, n (%) | |||||||||
| Cough* | 63 (88.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (4.2) | 59 (80.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.7) | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.53 |
| Fatigue* | 60 (84.5) | 23 (32.4) | 30 (42.3) | 63 (86.3) | 28 (38.4) | 28 (38.4) | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.47 |
| Fever#,& | 52 (73.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 53 (72.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | - | - |
| Myalgia* | 45 (63.4) | 15 (21.1) | 27 (38.0) | 48 (65.8) | 16 (21.9) | 17 (23.3) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| Joint pain* | 26 (36.6) | 35 (49.3) | 23 (32.4) | 24 (32.9) | 36 (49.3) | 20 (27.4) | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.75 |
| Runny nose* | 21 (29.6) | 6 (8.5) | 4 (5.6) | 31 (42.5) | 11 (15.1) | 7 (9.6) | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.97 |
| Diarrhea* | 23 (32.4) | 7 (9.9) | 1 (1.4) | 33 (45.2) | 6 (8.2) | 2 (2.7) | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
| Nasal congestiond* | 23 (32.4) | 8 (11.3) | 2 (2.8) | 34 (34.3) | 8 (11.1) | (2.8) | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
| Sore throat* | 28 (39.4) | 3 (4.2) | 1 (1.4) | 20 (27.4) | 5 (6.8) | 2 (2.7) | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.30 |
| Coexisting diseases, n (%) | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 38 (53.5) | 42 (59.2) | 42 (59.2) | 33 (45.2) | 31 (42.5) | 31 (42.5) | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.28 |
| Diabetes | 27 (38.0) | 24 (33.8) | 24 (33.8) | 16 (21.9) | 18 (24.7) | 18 (24.7) | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.38 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 7 (9.9) | 8 (11.3) | 8 (11.3) | 8 (11.0) | 5 (6.8) | 5 (6.8) | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.20 |
| Rheumatic diseasee | 9 (12.7) | 10 (14.5) | 10 (14.5) | 7 (9.6) | 7 (9.6) | 7 (9.6) | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
| Asthma | 2 (2.8) | 3 (4.2) | 3 (4.2) | 5 (6.8) | 3 (4.1) | 3 (4.1) | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.24 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6 (8.5) | 2 (2.8) | 2 (2.8) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.7) | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.56 |
| Chronic kidney disease*,** | 1 (1.4) | 3 (4.2) | 3 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.4) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.16 |
Values are n (% within a group). COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019. Data were analyzed by generalized estimating equations (GEE) with binomial distribution and identity link function with a first-order autoregressive correlation matrix. aP-value represents group by time interaction unadjusted. bP-value represents group by time interaction adjusted by the length of hospital stay. cP-value represents group by time interaction adjusted by the center (hospitals from which patients were recruited). #GEE unable to compute due to numerical problems (data were analyzed by McNemar test at baseline). &Effect of time within-group compared to baseline by McNemar’s test. dNasal congestion data were missing for 0.7% of patients (n = 1 in the placebo group). eRheumatic disease data were missing for 1.4% of patients (n = 2 in the vitamin D3 group). *P < 0.05 for main effect of time. **P < 0.05 for main effect of group. From 6 to 12 months, data were missing for 11.8% of patients (n = 9 in the placebo group and n = 8 in the vitamin D3 group) due to lack of contact during follow-up and were handled by GEE models, with no imputation for missing data.