Table 3.

Fixed effect models: main effect and interaction effects on the occurrence of feeling lonely for older adults (N = 62,084).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Household income status (ref.: highest 25%)
Upper 25%	0.060*	−0.321	0.232*
Lower 25%	0.124***	−0.439**	0.461***
Lowest 25%	0.146***	−0.372*	0.353***
Household income & Income inequality
Upper 25% × Gini		0.013*
Lower 25% × Gini		0.018***
Lowest 25% × Gini		0.017**
Household income &Welfare generosity
Upper 25% × social expenditure			−0.007
Lower 25% × social expenditure			−0.014***
Lowest 25% × social expenditure			−0.009*
Pseudo R-squared	0.129	0.130	0.130
AIC	58326.2	58317.8	58317.1
BIC	58624.4	58643.1	58642.4

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001.

Coefficients omitted for control variables: age, gender, marital status, education, employment, self-rated health, functional limitations, household size, child and living arrangement, and country.