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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2022 May 1;151:299–303. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.033

Figure 1. Benzodiazepine + co-administered drug pairs and associations with unintentional traumatic injury.

Figure 1.

Panel (A) depicts associations for benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics: estazolam, eszopiclone [E], flurazepam, quazepam, ramelteon, suvorexant, tasimelteon, temazepam [T], triazolam [Tr], zaleplon, and zolpidem [Z]

Panel (B) depicts associations for benzodiazepine anxiolytics: alprazolam [A], chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam [C], clorazepate, diazepam, lorazepam [L], and oxazepam

X-axes, representing the magnitude of association, are the log base 2 semi-Bayes shrunk adjusted rate ratio (RR) for benzodiazepine + co-administered drug vs. benzodiazepine alone. Y-axes, representing statistical significance, are the log (1/p-value) for the semi-Bayes shrunk adjusted RRs.

Data points in each upper right quadrant represent statistically significant elevated semi-Bayes shrunk adjusted RRs for the association between benzodiazepine + co-administered drug vs. benzodiazepine alone and unintentional traumatic injury (i.e., potential drug interaction signals). For ease of reading, we limited labeling to upper right quadrant data points with log base 2 semi-Bayes shrunk adjusted RR ≥1 or log (1/p value), for the semi-Bayes shrunk adjusted RR, ≥10. TMP/SMX: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole