Table 1.
Participant characteristics (N = 95)
| Age, mean (SD), y | 84.9 (9.9) |
|
|---|---|---|
| N | % | |
|
| ||
| Female | 64 | 67.4 |
| Education | ||
| High school or less | 34 | 35.8 |
| Postsecondary education | 28 | 29.5 |
| Missing | 33 | 34.7 |
| Race | ||
| White | 70 | 73.7 |
| Black or African American | 25 | 26.3 |
| Other | 0 | 0 |
| Missing | 0 | 0 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic | 2 | 2.1 |
| Non-Hispanic | 93 | 97.9 |
| Missing | 0 | 0 |
| Potentially painful conditions | ||
| Arthritis | 38 | 40.0 |
| Miscellaneous pain (muscle spasms, diagnosis of chronic or generalized pain not otherwise accounted for) | 31 | 32.6 |
| Constipation | 24 | 25.3 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 17 | 17.9 |
| Pressure ulcer or painful skin condition | 13 | 13.7 |
| Fracture or contracture or osteomyelitis | 12 | 12.6 |
| Neuropathic pain: diabetic neuropathy, sciatica, phantom limb pain, postherpetic neuralgia, spinal cord compression | 4 | 4.2 |
| Cancer | 4 | 4.2 |
| Lower GI pain: irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, Crohn’s disease | 3 | 3.2 |
| Gout | 2 | 2.1 |
| Headache | 2 | 2.1 |
| Total No. of painful conditions, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.6) | |
| Range | 0–6 | |
| Expert Clinician Pain Intensity Rating, mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.7) | |
| Range | 0–10 | |
GI = gastrointestinal.