Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for PIMD items*
| Intensity† |
Frequency‡ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIMD Item | N§ | N > 0 | Mean ± SD (Range) | Mean ± SD (Range) |
|
| ||||
| Agitated | 95 | 19 | 0.36±0.78 (0–3) | 0.35±0.77 (0–3) |
| Restlessness | 95 | 13 | 0.22±0.60 (0–3) | 0.29±0.80 (0–3) |
| Hitting, scratching, biting | 95 | 2 | 0.02±0.14 (0–1) | 0.03±0.23 (0–2) |
| Irritable, cranky | 95 | 9 | 0.15±0.50 (0–3) | 0.14±0.48 (0–3) |
| Thrashing | 95 | 2 | 0.03±0.23 (0–2) | 0.04±0.29 (0–2) |
| Pacing | 52 | 6 | 0.21±0.67 (0–3) | 0.21±0.67 (0–3) |
| Resisting movement | 95 | 6 | 0.08±0.35 (0–2) | 0.08±0.35 (0–2) |
| Pulling away | 95 | 5 | 0.08±0.40 (0–3) | 0.06±0.28 (0–2) |
| Resisting care | 95 | 5 | 0.07±0.33 (0–2) | 0.07±0.33 (0–2) |
| Rubbing or massaging | 95 | 10 | 0.16±0.49 (0–2) | 0.20±0.61 (0–3) |
| Guarding | 95 | 7 | 0.11±0.40 (0–2) | 0.12±0.46 (0–3) |
| Bracing | 94 | 16 | 0.33±0.77 (0–3) | 0.36±0.87 (0–3) |
| Limping | 41 | 7 | 0.27±0.67 (0–3) | 0.32±0.79 (0–3) |
| Rigid/stiff | 95 | 72 | 1.43±1.02 (0–3) | 1.89±1.26 (0–3) |
| Fetal position | 95 | 4 | 0.08±0.40 (0–2) | 0.11±0.52 (0–3) |
| Move slowly or stiffly | 95 | 66 | 1.08±0.91 (0–3) | 1.35±1.14 (0–3) |
| Groaning/moaning/grunting | 95 | 22 | 0.34±0.68 (0–3) | 0.32±0.66 (0–3) |
| Sighing | 95 | 10 | 0.16±0.49 (0–2) | 0.12±0.35 (0–2) |
| Repeated calling out | 95 | 4 | 0.06±0.32 (0–2) | 0.06±0.32 (0–2) |
| Protesting | 95 | 19 | 0.37±0.81 (0–3) | 0.29±0.67 (0–3) |
| Whining | 95 | 4 | 0.08±0.40 (0–2) | 0.06±0.32 (0–2) |
| Complaining | 95 | 34 | 0.52±0.78 (0–3) | 0.51±0.78 (0–3) |
| Screaming | 94 | 4 | 0.07±0.37 (0–2) | 0.06±0.32 (0–2) |
| Rapid breathing | 95 | 1 | 0.02±0.21 (0–2) | 0.01±0.10 (0–1) |
| Labored breathing | 95 | 7 | 0.12±0.43 (0–2) | 0.11±0.40 (0–2) |
| Sweating, clammy | 95 | 1 | 0.02±0.21 (0–2) | 0.02±0.21 (0–2) |
| Flinching | 95 | 17 | 0.31±0.72 (0–3) | 0.22±0.51 (0–2) |
| Grimacing | 95 | 22 | 0.45±0.87 (0–3) | 0.34±0.71 (0–3) |
| Frowning | 95 | 15 | 0.31±0.76 (0–3) | 0.25±0.65 (0–3) |
| Clenched jaw or teeth | 95 | 3 | 0.03±0.18 (0–1) | 0.03±0.18 (0–1) |
| Crying, tearfulness | 95 | 4 | 0.06±0.32 (0–2) | 0.07±0.36 (0–2) |
| Expressive eyes | 95 | 43 | 0.80±1.00 (0–3) | 0.74±0.94 (0–3) |
| Consolability¶ | 90 | 51 | 0.67±0.65 (0–2) | |
PIMD = Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia.
*
Based on at movement PIMD ratings.
†
Intensity ratings: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe.
‡
Frequency ratings: 0 = never, 1 = occasionally, 2 = often, 3 = constantly.
§
N excludes items scored as not applicable.
¶
Item rated by intensity only: 0 = no need to console, 1 = able to be consoled or distracted by touch or words; 2 = cannot be consoled by touch or words; N/A = no need to console.