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. 2022 Sep 27;9:54. doi: 10.1186/s40779-022-00412-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — HDAC7 promotes β-catenin deacetylation, dephosphorylation and nuclear transport, whereas melatonin interrupts above actions. a and b Co-IP analysis was performed to determine the interaction between HDAC7 and β-catenin in both EC109 and HEK-293T cells. HDAC7 or β-catenin proteins were respectively immunoprecipitated by the anti-Flag antibody followed by target proteins detection using Western blotting analyses. c Cytosolic fractionation and immunoblot assays were applied to detect β-catenin nuclear import after overexpressing HDAC7 by infecting LV-Flag-HDAC7 or melatonin treatment in EC109 cells; GAPDH and Lamin B1 were respectively cytoplasmic and nucleus loading controls. d and e Melatonin treatment for 48 h enhanced β-catenin phosphorylation (Ser675) and acetylation (Lys49) without affecting total β-catenin and TCF4 levels, whereas HDAC7 overexpression or downregulation could partially hinder or enhance the above melatonin’s actions. Representative Western blotting results of phosphorylated β-catenin (Ser675), acetylated β-catenin (Lys49), β-catenin and TCF4 were shown. HDAC7 histone deacetylase 7, LV lentivirus, MEL melatonin, TCF4 transcription factor 4, OE overexpression