Table 1.
Observations related to the condition and quality of semen caused by the presence of specific bacterial species in healthy patients and in those with pathologies.
| Observation | Flora | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Physiology | ||
| Study of the control group | Pelomonas, Propionibacterium, Bosea, Afipia, Sphingomonas, Vogasella, Brevibacillus, Xylanimicrobium, Flexispira, Pedomicrobium, Phyllobacterium, Aquimonas, Dietzia, Sediminibacterium, Mycobacterium, Eikenella, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, and Bacillus sp. | (Yang et al., 2020) |
| Good-quality semen | Lactobacillus | (Tomaiuolo et al., 2020) |
| Normospermia | Lactobacillus and Gardnerella domination | (Okwelogu et al., 2020) |
| Maintaining good semen quality, protection against the negative impact of Gram-negative bacteria. | Higher ratio of Propionibacterium spp. and Atopobium spp. | (Weng et al., 2014) |
| Pathology | ||
| Low sperm quality/ Flora of men with infertility |
Prevotella/ Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Prevotella, Gardnerella, Rhodanobacter, Streptococcus, Finegoldia, and Haemophilus |
(Weng et al., 2014) |
| Flora of men with impaired fertility (asthenozoospermia and oligoasthenozoospermia), decreased sperm motility | Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Delftia, Sneathia, Enhydrobacter, Anaerococcus, Mycoplana, Finegoldia, Stenotrophomonas, Methylobacterium, Coprobacillus, Aerococcus, Atopobium, Chryseobacterium, Kocuria, Megasphaera, Ralstonia, Achromobacter, Ervinia, Ureaplasma, Filifactor, Prevotella, Saccharopolyspora, and Porphyromonas | (Yang et al., 2020) |
| Low-quality semen, decreased sperm motility, abnormal sperm morphology | Anaerococcus, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Proteobacteria, and Prevotella | (Tomaiuolo et al., 2020) |
| Azoospermia | Bacteroides and Firmicutes | (Tomaiuolo et al., 2020) |
| Pathological changes in semen. | Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Enterococcus faecalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus anginous, and Streptococcus agalactiae | (Pagliuca et al., 2021) |
| Abnormal semen parameters | Prevotella domination | (Baud et al., 2019) |
| Azoospermia | Predominance of Bacteroides and Firmicutes, less flora diversity | (Chen et al., 2018) |
| Inflammation | Gardnerella | (Okwelogu et al., 2020) |
| Low sperm motility | Corynebacterium domination | (Farahani et al., 2021) |
| Sperm necrosis and oligozoospermia | Streptococcus anginosus | (Lundy et al., 2020) |
| Indicator of poor sperm quality, higher ratio is associated with infertility, reduced sperm motility and their abnormal morphology | Anaerococcus hydrogenalis | (Koedooder et al., 2019) |
| Negatively affects sperm number, sperm motility and affects their morphology | Mycoplasma hominis | (Koedooder et al., 2019; Farahani et al., 2021) |
| Excessive semen viscosity and OAT | Increase in Neisseria or Klebsiella pneumoniae, reduction of Lactobacillus | (Monteiro et al., 2018; Koedooder et al., 2019) |
| Low sperm motility, acrosome damage, sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm death | Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus vulgaris | (Bhatt et al., 2015) |
| Negative effect on semen quality, reduction of sperm motility and quantity with abnormal morphology | Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida | (Fraczek and Kurpisz, 2015) |
| Increased apoptosis and necrosis of sperm in semen | Morganella morganii | (Moretti et al., 2009) |
*OAT Excessive sperm viscosity and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.