Table 2.
Prevalence of PTSD and depression at T1 and their associations with sleep disturbance at T1.
| PTSD at T1 | Depression at T1 # | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep at T1 | % | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjust OR (95% CI) a | % | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjust OR (95% CI) a | |
| Sleep duration | |||||||
| >8 h | 32.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 14.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 7–8 h | 34.8 | 1.09 (1.05,1.13)*** | 1.09 (1.05,1.13)*** | 14.6 | 1.01 (0.96,1.06) | 1.02 (0.98,1.07) | |
| 6–7 h | 39.9 | 1.36 (1.29,1.44)*** | 1.36 (1.29,1.43)*** | 23.4 | 1.80 (1.69,1.92)*** | 1.82 (1.70,1.94)*** | |
| <6 h | 45.7 | 1.73 (1.57,1.90)*** | 1.71 (1.56,1.87)*** | 38.2 | 3.63 (3.29,4.00)*** | 3.55 (3.22,3.92)*** | |
| Difficulty initiating sleep | |||||||
| Never/ <1 night/week | 27.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 1–2 nights/week | 42.8 | 2.01 (1.94,2.08)*** | 2.02 (1.95,2.09)*** | 18.5 | 2.81 (2.66,2.97)*** | 2.79 (2.64,2.94)*** | |
| ≥3 nights/week | 52.6 | 2.98 (2.79,3.19)*** | 3.05 (2.85,3.27)*** | 37.2 | 7.36 (6.99,7.75)*** | 7.20 (6.83,7.59)*** | |
| Difficulty maintaining sleep | |||||||
| Never/ <1 night/week | 29.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 10.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 1–2 nights/week | 44.2 | 1.86 (1.80,1.92)*** | 1.85 (1.79,1.91)*** | 22.6 | 2.52 (2.39,2.65)*** | 2.51 (2.38,2.64)*** | |
| ≥3 nights/week | 53.6 | 2.82 (2.48,2.98)*** | 2.71 (2.47,2.97)*** | 38.3 | 5.36 (5.08,5.65)*** | 5.20 (4.92,5.48)*** | |
| Early morning awakening | |||||||
| Never/ <1 night/week | 30.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 11.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 1–2 nights/week | 48.9 | 2.17 (2.09,2.26)*** | 2.15 (2.07,2.23)*** | 28.6 | 3.19 (3.03,3.36)*** | 3.18 (3.02,3.35)*** | |
| ≥3 nights/week | 59.5 | 3.34 (2.96,3.77)*** | 3.31 (2.93,3.74)*** | 45.6 | 6.67 (6.27,7.10)*** | 6.50 (6.11,6.92)*** | |
| Subjective sleep quality | |||||||
| Very good/ Good | 30.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 10.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Normal | 47.4 | 2.06 (1.98,2.14)*** | 2.07 (1.99,2.15)*** | 33.2 | 4.44 (4.23,4.64)*** | 4.38 (4.18,4.58)*** | |
| Poor/ Very poor | 54.8 | 2.76 (2.51,3.03)*** | 2.81 (2.56,3.09)*** | 58.6 | 12.63 (11.46,13.92)*** | 12.10 (10.97,13.35)*** | |
| Sleep disturbance b | |||||||
| No | 33.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 13.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 52.3 | 2.23 (2.11,2.35)*** | 2.25 (2.13,2.37)*** | 47.7 | 6.01 (5.68,6.36)*** | 5.78 (5.46,6.12)*** | |
***
p < 0.001.
a
Adjusting for age, sex, grade, residence location, ethnicity, only single child, history of physical/ mental illness, and COVID-19 related factors.
b
Sleep disturbance = difficulty initiating sleep (≥3 nights/week), difficulty maintaining sleep (≥3 nights/week), Early morning awakening (≥3 nights/ week), or poor/very poor sleep quality.
#
Depression calculated using the PHQ-8 (exclude the sleep-related item), with a clinical cut-off score of 7.