Fig 3. The level of bacterial Ile-tRF-5X level is not modulated by transcription or translation activity.

Bacterial mRNA or protein synthesis was inhibited by addition of chloramphenicol or rifampicin, respectively, to cultures of E. coli MG1655 at 37°C (for details, see S1 Table and S2 Fig). The level of Ile-tRF-5X was measured by LNA RT-qPCR. A spike-in (UniSp6) and reference genes (23S and/or 16S) were used as control and for normalization. The results are reported in fold change compared to the reference condition. Statistical analysis. Data were calculated from three biological replicate measurements (n = 3; mean ± SD). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Holm-Šídák’s multiple comparisons test (post-hoc test) were used for statistical analysis. Statistically significant differences (fold change vs. reference) are indicated by stars (*), * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.