Fig 11. Bacterial OMVs and Ile-tRF-5X dose-dependently enhance human cell proliferation.

(A-B) Human HCT116 cells were incubated with increasing amount of bacterial OMVs or transfected with increasing amount of Ile-tRF-5X. Cell proliferation was measured by plotting cell number from XTT-based absorbance (450 nm) measurements. Each dataset was normalized with its corresponding control (see materials and methods). Statistical analysis. Data were calculated from three biological replicate measurements (n = 3; mean ± SD), and each sample was tested in triplicate. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Holm-Šídák’s multiple comparisons test (post-hoc test) was used for statistical analysis. Statistically significant differences (fold change vs. control) are indicated as follows: ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. ns, not significant.