Table 7.
Likelihood of answering “don’t know”
| Unemployment | Inflation | Growth | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
| Education | |||
| Ref = < age 15 | |||
| Age 16–17 | − 0.12 (− 2.58) | − 0.12 (− 2.67) | − 0.08 (− 1.70) |
| Age 18–20 | − 0.28 (− 6.86) | − 0.27 (− 6.82) | − 0.23 (− 5.34) |
| Age 21–24 | − 0.48 (− 8.46) | − 0.48 (− 12.08) | − 0.51 (− 9.83) |
| Age 25 + | − 0.61 (− 10.18) | − 0.59 (− 9.69) | − 0.61 (− 8.58) |
| Financial situation | |||
| Ref = very bad | |||
| Rather bad | − 0.08 (− 1.44) | − 0.11 (− 2.19) | − 0.08 (− 1.30) |
| Rather good | − 0.12 (− 2.21) | − 0.17 (− 3.64) | − 0.18 (− 3.30) |
| Very good | − 0.31 (− 3.87) | − 0.46 (− 6.31) | − 0.35 (− 4.61) |
| Economic outlook | |||
| Ref = stay same | |||
| Worsen | − 0.06 (− 1.32) | − 0.13 (− 3.34) | − 0.12 (− 2.49) |
| Improve | − 0.15 (− 4.05) | − 0.16 (− 4.35) | − 0.16 (− 3.26) |
| Nr economic issues mentioned among most important two | |||
| Ref = 0 | |||
| 1 | − 0.06 (− 1.77) | − 0.04 (− 1.04) | − 0.06 (− 1.68) |
| 2 | − 0.08 (− 1.84) | − 0.002 (− 0.06) | 0.01 (0.27) |
| Trust statistics | − 0.11 (− 3.12) | − 0.18 (− 4.58) | − 0.19 (− 4.69) |
| Discuss politics | |||
| Ref = never | |||
| Occasionally | − 0.32 (− 10.65) | − 0.33 (− 10.41) | − 0.37 (− 8.55) |
| Frequently | − 0.56 (− 9.47) | − 0.57 (− 12.13) | − 0.60 (− 10.60) |
| Political ideology | |||
| Ref = Center | |||
| Far left | 0.05 (0.80) | − 0.006 (− 0.09) | 0.007 (0.10) |
| Center-left | − 0.13 (− 3.13) | − 0.07 (− 1.71) | − 0.10 (− 2.00) |
| Center-right | − 0.13 (− 3.73) | − 0.14 (− 3.50) | − 0.20 (− 4.70) |
| Far right | 0.15 (2.34) | 0.03 (0.43) | 0.03 (0.35) |
| Ideological distance from incumbent government | − 0.03 (− 2.14) | − 0.01 (− 0.65) | − 0.005 (− 0.29) |
| Occupation | |||
| Ref = Manager | |||
| Self-employed | 0.20 (3.65) | 0.17 (3.16) | 0.20 (3.15) |
| Other white collar | 0.07 (1.13) | 0.07 (1.32) | 0.06 (0.91) |
| Manual worker | 0.30 (4.72) | 0.28 (4.88) | 0.35 (5.49) |
| House person | 0.25 (3.16) | 0.27 (3.52) | 0.39 (5.19) |
| Unemployed | 0.30 (4.16) | 0.32 (4.97) | 0.31 (4.91) |
| Retired | 0.22 (3.37) | 0.21 (3.71) | 0.29 (5.23) |
| Student | 0.07 (0.88) | 0.09 (1.02) | 0.07 (0.63) |
| EB2015 dummy | − 1.16 (− 10.98) | − 0.73 (− 7.30) | − 0.76 (− 6.89) |
| Female | 0.50 (10.87) | 0.55 (10.17) | 0.56 (9.94) |
| Age | − 0.04 (− 6.09) | − 0.03 (− 5.75) | − 0.03 (− 4.48) |
| Age-square | 0.0004 (7.25) | 0.0004 (6.30) | 0.0003 (4.94) |
| Country fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Number of countries | 31 | 31 | 31 |
| Observations | 39,680 | 39,680 | 29,936 |
| LPSLH | − 19,381.0 | − 22,793.5 | − 16,655.1 |
z-statistic in parentheses. Robust standard errors clustered by country. Constant not shown