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. 2022 Feb 23;90(4):485–494. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001854

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FIGURE 2. — Impact of TNS on CBF, CSF CGRP, and cortical ICAM-1 concentration at 48 hours after induction of SAH. A, TNS preserved CBF after 60 minutes of successive CSDs. There was a marked decrease in CBF without TNS (SAH-control and SAH-Tx). B, SAH-control and SAH-Tx rats exhibited increases in CSF CGRP levels compared with sham-operated rats, whereas SAH-TNS rats exhibited a significantly greater increase in CSF CGRP levels. C, SAH-control rats had a significant increase in cortical ICAM-1 levels when compared with sham-operated rats. The TNS treatment significantly decreased ICAM-1 expression compared with the SAH-control rats. There was no difference between ICAM-1 levels in the sham-operated and SAH-TNS rats. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001; ****P < .0001. CBF, cerebral blood flow; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; CSD, cortical spreading depolarization; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; TNS, trigeminal nerve stimulation; Tx, trigeminal neurectomy.