Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author (ref) | Year | Study type | Country | Target population | Sample size | Sex ratio (M/F) | Age (year) | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angoorani (20) | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Iran | Healthy children and adolescents | 3,843 | 2,010/1,833 | 7-18 | 22* |
| Dharuni (21) |
2016 | Cross-sectional | India | Metabolic syndrome | 100 | 35/65 | Case: 50.4 ± 9.7 Control: 50.2 ± 9 |
20* |
| Frontini (23) | 2007 | Cohort | USA | Asymptomatic younger adult | 1,203 | 43% man, 71% white | 24-34 | 18** |
| Frontini (22) | 2008 | Cohort | USA | Children | 437 | 40% male, 70% white | 5-19 | 19** |
| Gasevic (24) | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Aboriginal, Chinese, European, and South Asian origin | Healthy adult | 797 | 380/417 | 35-60 | 20* |
| Ghodsi (25) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Iran | Adults | 2,125 | 957/1,168 | 25-64 | 21* |
| Huang (26) | 2008 | Cross-sectional | United States | Adults | 928 | 297/631 | 53 | 21* |
| Kazemi (27) | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Iran | Healthy adults | 3,277 | 1,578/1,699 | 15< | 16* |
| Khan (28) | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Pakistan | Asymptomatic subjects referred for CVD risk evaluation | 229 | 109/120 | Male:47.98 ± 11.30 females: 45.27 ± 12.42 | 19* |
| Lee (29) | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Korean | Women | 511 | – | 48.36 ± 5.29 | 18* |
| Li (30) | 2008 | Cross-sectional | US | Non-diabetic adults | 2,652 | 1,358/1,294 | ≥20 | 17* |
| Li (31) | 2011 | Cross-sectional | US | Healthy children and adolescents | 2,734 | 1,444/1,290 | 12-19 | 20* |
| Liang (32) | 2015 | Cross-sectional | China | Obese children | 976 | 690/286 | 6-16 | 19* |
| Liu (33) | 2013 | Cross-sectional | US | Healthy adult | 366 | 143/223 | 22-70 | 19* |
| Miyazaki (34) | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Japan | schoolchildren | 5,853 | 2,963/2,890 | 6-15 | 20* |
| Onat (35) | 2010 | Cohort | Turkey | Middle-age adult 7.8-year follow-up |
2,676 | 1,294/1,382 | 28-80 | 21** |
| Park (36) | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Korea | Adult males who visited the Health Promotion Center and underwent medical examination and abdominal CT | 372 | 1 | Mean: 52 | 18* |
| Srinivasan (37) | 2002 | Cross-sectional | US | Healthy children | 2,843 | 1,422/1,421 | 5-17 | 20* |
| Srinivasan (38) | 2006 | Cohort | US | Healthy children | 1,163 | 519/644 | Children: 5-14-year adults: 27< | 19** |
*Quality assessed by STROBE for cross-sectional studies. **Quality assessed by STROBE for cohort studies.