Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Primary financial fraud identification indicators (text indicators).
| Dimension | Indicator | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Sentiment polarity | Positive | Positive words/MD&A words |
| Negative | Negative words/MD&A words | |
|
| ||
| Emotional tone | Strong modal | Strong modal words/MD&A words |
| Weak modal | Weak modal words/MD&A words | |
|
| ||
| Text readability | Professional term | Professional term words/MD&A words |
| Average sentence length | Text length/sentence numbers | |
| Text length | Text length | |
