Table 3.
Factors for the recovery of PFTs in COVID-19 survivors from 6-month to 1-year follow-up.
| Absolute difference of FVC% pred |
Absolute difference of TLC% pred |
Absolute difference of DLco% pred |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95%CI) | adjusted β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | adjusted β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | adjusted β (95%CI) | |
| Age at discharge, per 10 years | −0.129 (−1.001 to 0.742) | −0.195 (−1.047 to 0.656) | 0.131 (−0.782 to 1.044) | 0.112 (−0.751 to 0.975) | 0.111 (−1.012 to 1.234) | 0.001 (−1.052 to 1.054) |
| Sex, Female | −0.458 (−2.51 to 1.600) | 0.642 (−1.466 to 2.750) | −2.219 (−4.358 to −0.079) | −1.012 (−3.159 to 1.136) | −2.454 (−5.090 to 0.182) | −1.110 (−3.720 to 1.499) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.062 (−0.181 to 0.306) | 0.018 (−0.218 to 0.254) | −0.067 (−0.323 to 0.188) | −0.136 (-0.377 to 0.105) | 0.035 (−0.279 to 0.349) | −0.085 (−0.378 to 0.208) |
| Smoking history (yes, no) | 1.432 (−1.766 to 4.630) | 0.901 (−2.328 to 4.130) | 3.622 (0.265 to 6.978) * | 1.529 (−1.776 to 4.834) | 3.405 (−0.740 to 7.550) | 0.935 (−3.085 to 4.956) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0.123 (−0.461 to 0.706) | 0.287 (−0.318 to 0.893) | 0.423 (−0.322 to 1.167) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.371 (−1.145 to 1.887) | −0.895 (−2.472 to 0.683) | 0.813 (−1.129 to 2.756) | |||
| Malignancy | −0.832 (−7.797 to 6.134) | 1.150 (−6.088 to 8.387) | 2.509 (−6.387 to 11.405) | |||
| Coronary heart diseases | 1.706 (0.550 to 2.862) ** | 1.447 (0.309 to 2.585) * | 0.534 (−0.689 to 1.757) | 1.982 (0.498 to 3.466) ** | 1.532 (0.133 to 2.931) | |
| Chronic kidney diseases | −1.290 (−6.046 to 3.465) | −1.752 (−6.693 to 3.188) | −2.010 (−8.087 to 4.066) | |||
| Cerebrovascular diseases | −0.712 (−2.388 to 0.964) | −0.751 (−2.501 to 1.000) | −1.015 (−3.167 to 1.138) | |||
| Severity scale§ | ||||||
| Scale 3 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Scale 4 | −0.901 (−3.343 to 1.541) | −1.080 (−3.571 to 1.410) | −1.967 (−4.483 to 0.548) | −2.494 (−5.031 to 0.043) | −3.083 (−6.174 to 0.007) * | −3.568 (−6.668 to -0.469) * |
| Scale 5-6 | 4.123 (1.399 to 6.846) ** | 2.061 (−1.594 to 5.246) | 4.628 (1.837 to 7.419) ** | 0.681 (−3.018 to 4.379) | 5.106 (1.677 to 8.535) ** | −0.496 (−4.994 to 4.002) |
| Corticosteroids during hospital stay | 4.433 (2.419 to 6.447) *** | 2.730 (0.215 to 5.246) * | 5.342 (3.270 to 7.414) *** | 2.909 (0.383 to 5.436) * | 6.634 (4.088 to 9.179) *** | 3.299 (0.211 to 6.387) * |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 0.107 (0.046 to 0.167) *** | 0.009 (−0.077 to 0.094) | 0.158 (0.097 to 0.219) *** | 0.070 (−0.016 to 0.156) | 0.210 (0.135 to 0.284) *** | 0.123 (0.018 to 0.227) * |
Note. PFTs=pulmonary function tests. BMI=body-mass index. FVC=forced vital capacity. TLC=total lung capacity. DLco=diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. Scale 3: not requiring supplemental oxygen. Scale 4: requiring supplemental oxygen. Scale 5–6: requiring high-flow nasal cannula, non-invasive mechanical ventilation, or invasive mechanical ventilation. §Highest seven-category scale and imaging feature were assessed during hospital stay. Multiple liner regression adjusted by age, sex, BMI, smoking history. *P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.