Table 3.
Drugs examined in clinical trials (NCT, Clinicaltrials.gov) compared to the animal studies used to examine it.
| Drug | Mechanism | Animal Model | Preclinical Results | Clinical Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amlodipine | Anti-hypertensive (Calcium channel blocker) | AngII (LDLR−/− on HFD) [122] | Prevention: 0.102 cm diameter (vs. 1.72 mm) * | 0.181 cm growth rate (vs. 0.168 cm)#[12,174] |
| AngII (ApoE−/−)[123] | Prevention: 0.174 cm diameter (vs. 1.97)# | |||
| AngII and BAPN (Black6 mice)[119] | Prevention: 0% incidence (vs. 49%) * | |||
| Ticagrelor | Anti-platelet (P2Y12 ADP-receptor blocker) | Xenograft (Lewis rats) [137] | Prevention: 0.361 cm external diameter (vs. 5.21 mm) * | 0.25 cm increase in diameter (vs. 0.18 cm)# 11 15 |
| Cyclosporin(e) A | Immunosuppressant (inhibits T cell activation, increases TGF-β1) | CaCl2 (Black6 mice)[141] | Prevention: 0.072 cm external diameter (vs. 1.10 mm) * | Ongoing[202] |
| Elastase (Wistar rats) [141] | Prevention: 32% increase in external diameter (vs. 126%) * | |||
| Xenograft (Fischer 344 rats)[141] | Intervention: 14% increase in external diameter (vs. 45%) * | |||
| Elastase (Wistar rats)[55] | Prevention: 0.268 cm external diameter (vs. 2.52 mm)# | |||
| Eplerenone | Anti-hypertensive (mineralocorticoid receptor blocker) | Aldosterone and salt (Black6 mice)[203] | Prevention: 0.108 cm external aortic diameter (vs. 1.40 mm) * | Ongoing[126] |
| AngII and BAPN (Black6 mice)[204] | Prevention: 30% incidence (vs. 88%) | |||
| Metformin (non-diabetics only) | Anti-hyperglycemic (reduces hepatic glucose production, AMPK agonist) | Elastase (Black6 mice) [151] | Prevention: 40% incidence (vs. 100%) | Enrolling[154] |
| AngII (LDL−/− mice on HFD)[149] | Prevention: 50% incidence (vs. 67%)# | |||
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[10] | Prevention: 17% incidence (vs. 83%) | |||
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[148] | Prevention: 25% incidence (vs. 78%) | Enrolling[155] | ||
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[150] | Prevention: exact numbers not reported * | |||
| Elastase (SD rats)[147] | Prevention: 0.251 cm diameter (vs. 2.89 mm) * | Enrolling[153] | ||
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[152] | Prevention: 45% incidence (vs. 100%) | |||
| Stem Cells | Possible anti-inflammatory properties | Elastase (Black6 mice) [157] | Prevention: 80% aortic dilation (vs. 125%) * | Terminated[16,205] |
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[175] | Prevention: 50% incidence (vs. 100%) | |||
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[206] | Prevention: 0.06 cm diameter (vs. 1.05 mm) * | |||
| CaCl2 and Elastase (SCID mice)[158] | Prevention: 0.20 cm diameter (vs. 2.15 mm)# | |||
| Elastase (SD rats)[159] | Prevention: 50% incidence (vs. 83%) | |||
| Elastase (Black6 mice) [207] | Prevention: 82% aortic dilation (vs. 140%) * | |||
| Elastase (Black6 mice) [160] | Prevention: 99% dilation (vs. 135%) * | |||
| Xenograft (Fischer 344 rats)[176] | Prevention: 5% aortic dilation (vs. 85%) * | |||
| Elastase (Black6)[162] | Prevention: 0.075 cm diameter (vs. 1.0 mm) * | |||
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[163] | Intervention: 100% incidence (vs. 100%)# | |||
| Elastase (SD rats)[161] | Prevention: 56% dilation (vs. 95%) * | |||
| Telmisartan | Anti-hypertensive (angiotensin receptor blocker) | Elastase (Brown Norway rats)[208] | Prevention: 0.165 cm diameter (vs. 2.02 mm) * | Ongoing[209,210] |
| AngII (ApoE−/− mice)[211] | Prevention: 0% incidence (vs. 67%) * | |||
| Elastase (Black6 mice) [211] | Prevention: 0% incidence (vs. 100%) | |||
| AngII (wild-type mice) [212] | Prevention: 0.13 cm diameter (vs. 1.2 mm)# | |||
| Valsartan | Anti-hypertensive (angiotensin receptor blocker) | Elastase (Wistar rats) [213] | Prevention: 0.20 cm internal diameter (vs. 2.75 mm) * | Ongoing[125] |
| Atenolol | Anti-hypertensive and other indications (beta-blocker) | – | – | Ongoing[125] |
Animal models of AAA and the strains used are presented. Studies reported are those that examined AAA size. Results for preclinical and clinical trials are compared shown as “type of treatment: drug group (vs. control group)”.
Preclinical studies that had a significant difference between the drug and control groups are denoted with an asterisk (*);
Studies that did not are denoted with an octothorpe (#).
AngII, angiotensin II; LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor; HFD, high-fat diet; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; BAPN, beta-aminopropionitrile; SD, Sprague-Dawley.