Fig. 1.

Two operational definitions of pre-pandemic resilience to trauma in our sample, based on lifetime trauma burden and pre-pandemic psychological health indicators: A categorical resilience and B continuous resilience. **Cut-off for elevated depression (CES-D score ≥ 10); cut-off for elevated anxiety (GAD-7 score ≥ 10); cut-off for probable PTSD (DSM-5 symptom criteria). *Cut-off for each form of elevated positive emotional well-being (score > median). U = unfavorable, A = adequate, F = favorable. Darker blue in the figure represents conceptually higher levels of resilience