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. 2022 Sep 28;58(3):453–465. doi: 10.1007/s00127-022-02367-y

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 2 — Odds ratios for pre-pandemic psychological resilience in relation to lifetime trauma on categorical mental health outcomes amid the COVID-19 pandemic. **< 0.0001, * < 0.05; adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, parental education, census tract household income, marital status, chronic conditions, living arrangement, and current healthcare worker status. Categorical mental health outcomes: clinically elevated depression (Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-2 sum score ≥ 3), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD-2 sum score ≥ 3), and posttraumatic stress (adapted Impact of Events Scale-6 item IES-6; mean scores ≥ 1.75); and high overall positive emotional well-being (top quartile of positive emotional well-being scores)