Table 3.

Role of PI3K/AKT pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Drugs or supplements	Animal or human study & doses	Cell line	Dose	Targets/ main pathways	Conclusion	References
CAR	C57BL/6 J mice; 10 & 20 mg/kg, daily, for 6 weeks, I.P	–	–	p85, PDK1, PTEN, GLUT4, AS160; PI3K/AKT	CAR by modulating the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway could attenuate DCM	[63]
Nicorandil	SD Rats; 7.5 and 15 mg/kg, daily, for 4 weeks, drinking water	H9c2	10, 50, and 100 μmol	MMP2/9, Bcl-2, Bax, collagen-I/III, caspase-3, eNOS; PI3K/AKT	Nicorandil via the PI3K/AKT pathway can alleviate apoptosis in DCM	[64]
RESV	SD Rats; 5 & 50 mg/kg, daily, gavage, for 8 weeks	Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes	10 µM	Bcl-2, Bax, FoxO3a; PI3K/AKT	RESV via the PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a pathway could ameliorate cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting apoptosis in a rat model of DCM	[65]