Fig. 5. FHVD altered gut microbiota fermentation of carbohydrates to produce SCFAs.
Changes in fecal concentrations of (a) acetate, (b) propionate, and (c) butyrate. Changes in the abundance of genes that encode the key enzymes in (d) acetate production [formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase fhs and acetate kinase ack], (e) propionate production [lactoyl-CoA dehydratase lcd, propionaldehyde dehydrogenase pduP, and methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase mmd], and (f) butyrate production [butyryl–coenzyme A (butyryl-CoA):acetate CoA transferase but and butyrate kinase buk]. The bounds, whiskers and percentile of each box plot represented maximum, 75 percentile, median, 25 percentile and minimum from the top to the bottom respectively.