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. 2022 Sep 27;12:16104. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20050-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vactosertib mitigates radiation-induced cancer stem cell properties. (a) Effect of vactosertib on reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by GOX in 4T1-Luc cells. The graph shows the level of glucose oxidase (GOX)-induced DCF-sensitive ROS by Catalase (CAT) or vactosertib treatment. (b) Radiation-induced pluripotent stem cell regulators (Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4) and mammosphere forming efficiency (MSFE) of 4T1-Luc cells (Relative mRNA expression was normalized by Hprt.). The upper panels show the phase-contrast microscopic images of spheres after seven days of culture in the ultra-low attachment condition (× 5, scale bar: 100 μm). The right graph shows the MSFE based on the number of spheres (> 50 μm). (c) GOX-induced pluripotent stem cell regulators (Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4) and MSFE of 4T1-Luc cells (Relative mRNA expression was normalized by Ppia.). The upper panels show the phase-contrast microscopic images of spheres after seven days of culture in the ultra-low attachment condition (× 5, scale bar: 100 μm). The right graph shows the MSFE based on the number of spheres (> 100 μm).