TABLE 2.
Baseline fatty acid profile in plasma for mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 disease severity compared to uninfected adults.
| Uninfected (N = 9) | Mild (N = 20) |
p-value |
Moderate (N = 12) |
p-value |
Severe (N = 9) |
p-value |
||||
| Mild moderate | Mild severe |
Mild uninfected | Moderate severe | Moderate uninfected | Severe uninfected | |||||
| Saturated fatty acids (μg/ml) | ||||||||||
| Behenic (C22) | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 0.67 | 0.99 | 0.36 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.84 | 0.03 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 0.22 |
| Palmitic (C16) | 393.4 ± 109.5 | 513.4 ± 262.3 | 0.9 | 0.26 | 0.79 | 427.5 ± 224.7 | 0.07 | 0.99 | 755.1 ± 419.8 | 0.04 |
| Lignoceric (C23) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 0.27 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.811 | 0.009 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.06 |
| Lauric (C12) | 3.5 ± 3.3 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1 | 3.8 ± 2.6 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 7.0 ± 13.0 | 0.90 |
| Stearic (C18) | 178.0 ± 28.2 | 180.4 ± 73.5 | 0.39 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 129.9 ± 64.1 | 0.3 | 0.44 | 186.5 ± 94.6 | 0.99 |
| Pentadecaoic (C15) | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 3.1 | 0.97 | 0.77 | 0.98 | 3.1 ± 2.8 | 0.49 | 0.83 | 5.0 ± 3.9 | 0.94 |
| Arachidic (C20) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 0.99 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (μg/ml) | ||||||||||
| Oleic (C18:1n9) | 137.3 ± 57.2 | 158.8 ± 57.4 | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.86 | 123.8 ± 69.9 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 220.1 ± 108.9 | 0.27 |
| Myristoleic (C14:1n5) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 0.91 |
| Eicosenoic (C20:1n9) | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 3 ± 1.7 | 0.69 | 0.7 | 0.46 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 0.14 | 0.97 | 3.8 ± 1.9 | 0.07 |
| Palmitoleic (C16:1n7) | 24.3 ± 12.7 | 46.4 ± 34.3 | 0.99 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 41.0 ± 17.4 | 0.72 | 0.43 | 70.3 ± 59.2 | 0.08 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (μg/ml) | ||||||||||
| γ-linolenic (C18:3n6) | 22.4 ± 10.2 | 20.4 ± 15.9 | 0.18 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 9.1 ± 4.4 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 23.2 ± 20.4 | 0.8 |
| Linoleic (C18:2n9) | 536.2 ± 83.3 | 527.9 ± 222.9 | 0.04 | 0.8 | 0.99 | 305.8 ± 175.8 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 452.6 ± 196.2 | 0.75 |
| Eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n3) | 22.4 ± 12.8 | 11.4 ± 14.9 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.03 | 6.6 ± 3.2 | 0.53 | 0.007 | 12.6 ± 9.2 | 0.18 |
| Docasahexaenoic (C22:6n3) | 45.7 ± 18.6 | 39.7 ± 30.6 | 0.99 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 47.1 ± 26.8 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 50.3 ± 32.7 | 0.99 |
| Arachidonic (C20:4n6) | 205.2 ± 39.2 | 199.3 ± 104.2 | 1 | 0.84 | 0.91 | 189.3 ± 79.5 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 241.8 ± 147.2 | 0.99 |
| Linolenic (C18:3n3) | 18.6 ± 12.5 | 13.6 ± 8.3 | 0.99 | 0.31 | 0.8 | 18.3 ± 20.7 | 0.47 | 0.93 | 26.3 ± 16.9 | 0.83 |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation. Linear mixed model was performed to compare the fatty acids between disease severity categories and the uninfected adults. SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, United States) was used to perform all statistical analyses. P < 0.05 significant; bold = significant.