TABLE 3.
Lower levels of anti-inflammatory fatty acids during early stages of recovery in adults with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
| No PASC (N = 12) |
PASC (N = 11) |
|||||||||
| Days post PCR + |
p-value |
Days post PCR + |
p-value |
|||||||
| μg/ml | 66.2 ± 54.6 V1 | 121.2 ± 61.1 V2 | 187.8 ± 69.1 V3 |
V1 V2 |
V1 V3 |
16.8 ± 13.8 V1 | 55.8 ± 20.8 V2 | 113.5 ± 23.4 V3 |
V1 V2 |
V1 V3 |
| Saturated fatty acids (μg/ml) | ||||||||||
| Behenic (C22) | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.78 ± 1.4 | 3.33 ± 1.7 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 1.9 ± 0.73 | 2.8 ± 1.56 | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 0.24 | 0.95 |
| Palmitic (C16) | 424.5 ± 214.2 | 530.1 ± 440.0 | 487.1 ± 334.4 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 424.5 ± 214.2 | 787.3 ± 342.4 | 612.3 ± 291.9 | 0.38 | 0.96 |
| Lignoceric (C23) | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.45 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 1.8 ± 0.78 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 0.20 | 0.92 |
| Lauric (C12) | 3.3 ± 3.34 | 4.4 ± 5.40 | 3.31 ± 3.1 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 2.27 ± 1.1 | 5.86 ± 3.8 | 6.4 ± 5.8 | 0.21 | 0.26 |
| Stearic (C18) | 179.0 ± 67.2 | 201.0 ± 96.6 | 193.4 ± 86.8 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 163.0 ± 54.7 | 240.6 ± 109.2 | 192.9 ± 72.9 | 0.06 | 0.76 |
| Pentadecaoic (C15) | 4.2 ± 3.1 | 4.9 ± 4.8 | 4.7 ± 3.8 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 4.16 ± 2.4 | 6.71 ± 2.8 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 0.10 | 0.87 |
| Arachidic (C20) | 1.8 ± 0.34 | 1.5 ± 0.80 | 1.8 ± 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.53 | 1.13 ± 0.44 | 1.82 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.87 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (μg/ml) | ||||||||||
| Oleic (C18:1n9) | 127.3 ± 58.4 | 161.9 ± 143.0 | 146.9 ± 97.4 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 166.5 ± 50.1 | 224.8 ± 88.3 | 170.6 ± 60.9 | 0.38 | 1.00 |
| Myristoleic (C14:1n5) | 0.7 ± 0.26 | 1.02 ± 1.1 | 0.94 ± 1.0 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.0 ± 0.75 | 1.93 ± 1.7 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.30 | 0.99 |
| Eicosenoic (C20:1n9) | 1.84 ± 1.1 | 2.27 ± 3.1 | 2.70 ± 2.4 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 2.24 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 0.71 | 0.95 |
| Palmitoleic (C16:1n7) | 37.2 ± 29.8 | 46.5 ± 59.0 | 44.2 ± 45.0 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 45.8 ± 18.5 | 76.3 ± 41.5 | 57.9 ± 26.0 | 0.19 | 0.83 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (μg/ml) | ||||||||||
| γ-linolenic (C18:3n6) | 25.2 ± 13.1 | 26.3 + 17.1 | 29.8 ± 23.4 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 20.4 + 18.7 | 35.7 + 21.6 | 28.0 ± 14.2 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
| Eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n3) | 19.1 + 12.2 | 17.0 + 8.7 | 20.0 ± 9.5 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 11.1 + 8.0 | 24.8 + 13.4 | 14.2 ± 8.5 | 0.0003 | 0.42 |
| Docosahexaenoic (C22:6n3) | 46.8 ± 25.7 | 47.9 ± 19.3 | 49.9 ± 19.7 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 40.9 ± 11.7 | 52.5 ± 25.5 | 44.3 ± 20.9 | 0.63 | 1.00 |
| Linoleic (C18:2n9) | 508.0 ± 214.7 | 575.6 ± 205.9 | 539.7 ± 224.9 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 448.8 ± 179.9 | 617.3 ± 237.8 | 527.6 ± 271.3 | 0.09 | 0.80 |
| Linolenic (C18:3n3) | 15.9 ± 7.4 | 21.3 ± 21.9 | 19.5 ± 12.6 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 20.8 ± 13.6 | 32.4 ± 19.5 | 20.2 ± 10.4 | 0.26 | 1.00 |
| Arachidonic (C20:4n6) | 220.4 ± 83.3 | 234.8 ± 101.6 | 249.1 ± 100.7 | 0.99 | 0.72 | 189. ± 62.6 | 237. ± 80.1 | 225.0 ± 97.6 | 0.11 | 0.49 |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation, apart from days post PCR, which are presented as mean ± average deviation. Abbreviations V1, V2, and V3 are study visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Linear mixed model was performed to compare the fatty acids quantification for no PASC and PASC groups at T2 and T3 compared to their T1. SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used to perform all statistical analyses. P < 0.05 significant; bold = significant.