Table 1.

Trogocytosis in innate immune cells: role in the regulation of anti-tumor immune responses

Cell type	Target cell	Acquired molecule	Donated molecule	Molecular mechanism	Outcome	References
NK	Various target cells	MHC-I	Ly49A; KIR	Ly49 A/H-2D; KIR2DL1/HLA-C; ILT2/HLA-G; ATP-dependent	Reduction in NK cell cytotoxic activity	(Carlin et al., 2001; Sjöström et al., 2001; Vanherberghen et al., 2004; Zimmer et al., 2001)
	DCs; tumor cells	CCR7		LFA-1 and CD2-mediated adhesion; prevented by KIR/HLA-class I interaction	Acquired NK cell migration to lymph nodes	(Marcenaro et al., 2009)
	Tumor cells	Rae-1		NKG2D	NK fratricide killing	(Nakamura et al., 2013)
	Tumor cells	CD9		NE	Impaired NK cell function	(Gonzalez et al., 2021)
	Tumor cells	HER2; TYRO		NE	NK activation and degranulation; unaffected anti-tumor immunity	(Lu et al., 2021; Suzuki et al., 2015)
	Tumor cells	PD-1		SLAM receptors	NK activation and degranulation; reduced anti-tumor immunity	(Hasim et al., 2022)
DCs	APCs; tumor cells	pMHC-I		NE	Enhanced Ag presentation by cross-dressing	(Das Mohapatra et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2008)
	Treg		CD70, CD80, CD86	CTLA-4 mediated IS formation	Decreased APC function; increased expression of free PD-L1	(Dhainaut et al., 2015; Gu et al., 2012; Tekguc et al., 2021)
	CD8 T cells		PD-L1	pMHC-I/TCR recognition	Fratricide CD8 T cell killing	(Gary et al., 2012)
	CD8 T cells	pMHC-I		Phosphatidylserine/Tim-3	Fratricide CD8 T cell killing	(Pagliano et al., 2022)
pDC	Tumor cells	pMHC-I		NE	CD8 T cell priming by cross-dressing	(Bonaccorsi et al., 2014)
Macrophages	mAb-opsonized tumor cells	TAA		FcγR-mediated	TAA shaving; impaired mAb-based immunotherapy efficiency	(Beum et al., 2006, 2008; Taylor and Lindorfer, 2015)
	mAb-opsonized tumor cells	TAA		FcγR-mediated with increased affinity	Persistent trogocytosis leads to tumor cell death	(Velmurugan et al., 2016; Vijayaraghavan et al., 2020)
	Tumor cells	PD-L1/PD-L2		NE	Inhibition of T cell activation	(Kawashima et al., 2020)
Neutrophils	mAb-opsonized tumor cells	NE	NE	FcγR-mediated; CD11b/CD18-mediated adhesion; enhanced by CD47/SIRPα blockade	Tumor cell death by prolonged trogocytosis (trogoptosis)	(Bouti et al., 2021; Horner et al., 2007; Martinez Sanz et al., 2021; Matlung et al., 2018; van Rees et al., 2022)
Basophils	DCs	pMHC-II		LFA-1 and ICAM-1-mediated adhesion; CD11b/CD18 independent	Acquisition of APC function by cross-dressing	(Miyake et al., 2017)
Eosinophils	Tumor cells	NE	NE	CD11b/CD18-mediated adhesion	NE	Figure 4

TAA, Tumor-associated antigens; mAb, monoclonal antibody; Ag, antigen; IS, immunological synapse; NE, not explored.