. 2022 Apr 29;11(3):229–249. doi: 10.12997/jla.2022.11.3.229

Table 1. Association between serum vitamin D and circulatory EPC levels.

References	No. of subjects	Subject characteristics	Serum vitamin D concentration	Levels of EPCs in circulation		Associations observed
Mikirova et al.¹³⁵	n=41	Healthy adults	<40 ng/mL	Mean %	0.045	Positive correlation between serum VitD concentration and circulatory EPC level.
			>40 ng/mL		0.068
			<30 ng/mL		0.046
			>30 ng/mL		0.060
Yiu et al.¹³⁴	n=96, VitD deficient	Diabetic	<20 ng/mL	CD34⁺/KDR⁺ (%): 0.746±0.465		Circulatory level of CD133⁺/KDR⁺ EPC found to be positively correlated with VitD deficiency and insufficiency group.
	n=96, VitD deficient		<20 ng/mL	CD133⁺/KDR⁺ (%): 0.219±0.189
	n=115, VitD insufficient		<30 ng/mL	CD34⁺/KDR⁺ (%): 0.628±0.354
	n=115, VitD insufficient		<30 ng/mL	CD133⁺/KDR⁺ (%): 0.283±0.197
	n=69, VitD sufficient		≥30 ng/mL	CD34⁺/KDR⁺ (%): 0.747±0.412
	n=69, VitD sufficient		≥30 ng/mL	CD133⁺/KDR⁺ (%): 0.364±0.172
Chan et al.¹³⁹	n=297	CVD (coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke)	<20 ng/mL	log, unit (×10⁻³/mL)	0.97±0.31	Positive association between serum 25(OH)D and CD34⁺KDR⁺, CD133⁺KDR⁺ EPC.
			20–29 ng/mL		1.05±0.42
			30–39 ng/mL		1.08±0.41
			≥40 ng/mL		1.15±0.39
Gurses et al.¹⁴⁰	n=27, control group	Premenopausal women with VitD deficient	34.40±10.30 ng/mL (for control group)	CD34⁺/KDR⁺ EPC (/uL): 64.50±17.10		Positive correlation between baseline VitD level and circulatory level of CD34⁺/KDR⁺, CD133⁺/KDR⁺ cells.
	n=27, control group		34.40±10.30 ng/mL (for control group)	CD133⁺/KDR⁺ EPC (/uL): 49.40±23.10
	n=31, VitD deficient group		10.60±4.70 ng/mL (for VitD deficient group)	CD34⁺/KDR⁺ EPC (/uL): 26.20±20.50
	n=31, VitD deficient group		10.60±4.70 ng/mL (for VitD deficient group)	CD133⁺/KDR⁺ EPC (/uL): 27.40±18.50
Berezin et al.¹³⁷	n= 10, 25(OH)D3	MetS without known CVD	>100 nmol/L	CD14⁺CD309⁺Tie2⁺ cells/uL	0.039 (0.032–0.047)	Positive association
	n=12, 25(OH)D3		50–100 nmol/L		0.035 (0.028–0.044)	VitD deficiency significant predictor for reduced circulatory proangiogenic progenitor cells as CD14⁺CD309⁺Tie2⁺.
	n= 14, 25(OH)D3 level		30–50 nmol/L		0.030 (0.022–0.041)
	n=11, 25(OH)D3		<30 nmol/L		0.028 (0.016–0.033)

VitD, vitamin D; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; CD, cluster differentiation; KDR, kinase insert domain receptor; Tie2, tyrosine kinase receptor 2; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; MetS, metabolic syndrome.