Table 1.
Characteristics of 856 respondents by vaccinated (n = 638) and unvaccinated groups (n = 218).
|
Total
(N = 856) |
Vaccinated (n = 638) | Unvaccinated (n = 218) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors |
No intention
(n = 369) |
Intention (n = 269) | P-value2 | No intention (n = 199) |
Intention
(n = 19) |
P-value2 | |
| Age group | < 0.001 | 0.448 | |||||
| 18–24 | 61 (9.6) | 44 (72.1) | 17 (27.9) | 20 (90.9) | 2 (9.1) | ||
| 25–34 | 199 (31.2) | 136 (68.3) | 63 (31.7) | 68 (89.5) | 8 (10.5) | ||
| 35–44 | 194 (30.4) | 108 (55.7) | 86 (44.3) | 57 (91.9) | 5 (8.1) | ||
| 45–54 | 105 (16.5) | 49 (46.7) | 56 (53.3) | 27 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 55–64 | 58 (9.1) | 27 (46.6) | 31 (53.4) | 19 (86.4) | 3 (13.6) | ||
| 65+ | 21 (3.3) | 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) | 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | ||
| Sex | 0.393 | 0.793 | |||||
| Female | 238 (37.3) | 132 (55.5) | 106 (44.5) | 72 (90.0) | 8 (10.0) | ||
| Male | 400 (62.7) | 237 (59.2) | 163 (40.8) | 127 (92.0) | 11 (8.0) | ||
| Cohort | < 0.001 | 0.6 | |||||
| First (original) | 199 (31.2) | 136 (68.3) | 63 (31.7) | 70 (93.3) | 5 (6.7) | ||
| Second (top-up) | 439 (68.8) | 233 (53.1) | 206 (46.9) | 129 (90.2) | 14 (9.8) | ||
| Employed full-time | 0.045 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 259 (40.6) | 137 (52.9) | 122 (47.1) | 85 (91.4) | 8 (8.6) | ||
| No | 379 (59.4) | 232 (61.2) | 147 (38.8) | 114 (91.2) | 11 (8.8) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.292 | 0.129 | |||||
| Regular | 30 (4.7) | 13 (43.3) | 17 (56.7) | 11 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Occasional | 18 (2.8) | 9 (50.0) | 9 (50.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Former | 14 (2.2) | 7 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | ||
| Non-smoker | 576 (90.3) | 340 (59.0) | 236 (41.0) | 180 (91.4) | 17 (8.6) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.085 | 1 | |||||
| Smoker (incl. former) | 62 (9.7) | 29 (46.8) | 33 (53.2) | 19 (90.5) | 2 (9.5) | ||
| Non-smoker | 576 (90.3) | 340 (59.0) | 236 (41.0) | 180 (91.4) | 17 (8.6) | ||
| Perceived health | 1 | ||||||
| Very bad | 7 (1.1) | 7 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Bad | 18 (2.8) | 10 (55.6) | 8 (44.4) | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Average | 154 (24.1) | 95 (61.7) | 59 (38.3) | 59 (92.2) | 5 (7.8) | ||
| Good | 367 (57.5) | 209 (56.9) | 158 (43.1) | 100 (90.1) | 11 (9.9) | ||
| Very good | 92 (14.4) | 48 (52.2) | 44 (47.8) | 29 (90.6) | 3 (9.4) | ||
| Food/drug allergies | 0.575 | ||||||
| Yes | 94 (14.7) | 54 (57.4) | 40 (42.6) | 43 (89.6) | 5 (10.4) | ||
| No | 544 (85.3) | 315 (57.9) | 229 (42.1) | 156 (91.8) | 14 (8.2) | ||
| Long-term illnesses 1 | 0.166 | 0.867 | |||||
| Yes | 275 (43.1) | 150 (54.5) | 125 (45.5) | 95 (90.5) | 10 (9.5) | ||
| No | 363 (56.9) | 219 (60.3) | 144 (39.7) | 104 (92.0) | 9 (8.0) | ||
| Received immunosuppressant treatment | 0.75 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 10 (1.6) | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | 7 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| No | 628 (98.4) | 364 (58.0) | 264 (42.0) | 192 (91.0) | 19 (9.0) | ||
| Respiratory symptoms (past 2 weeks) | 0.703 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 59 (9.2) | 36 (61.0) | 23 (39.0) | 20 (90.9) | 2 (9.1) | ||
| No | 579 (90.8) | 333 (57.5) | 246 (42.5) | 179 (91.3) | 17 (8.7) | ||
| Influenza vaccination (previous season) | < 0.001 | 0.003 | |||||
| Yes | 198 (31.0) | 93 (47.0) | 105 (53.0) | 26 (76.5) | 8 (23.5) | ||
| No | 440 (69.0) | 276 (62.7) | 164 (37.3) | 173 (94.0) | 11 (6.0) | ||
| Influenza vaccination (current season) | < 0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 115 (18.0) | 44 (38.3) | 71 (61.7) | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | ||
| No | 523 (82.0) | 325 (62.1) | 198 (37.9) | 185 (93.9) | 12 (6.1) | ||
| Experienced adverse effects from the 1st COVID dose | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 354 (55.5) | 235 (66.4) | 119 (33.6) | ||||
| No | 284 (44.5) | 134 (47.2) | 150 (52.8) | ||||
| Experienced adverse effects from the 2nd COVID dose | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 379 (62.0) | 242 (63.9) | 137 (36.1) | ||||
| No/not applicable | 232 (38.0) | 104 (44.8) | 128 (55.2) | ||||
| Vaccine hesitancy constructs 3 | |||||||
| Confidence | 4.3 (3.3–5.3) | 4.0 (3.3–5.0) | 5.3 (4.0–6.0) | < 0.001 | 3.7 (2.0–4.7) | 4.3 (3.0–5.2) | 0.027 |
| Complacency | 4.0 (3.0–4.3) | 4.0 (3.0–4.3) | 3.3 (2.3–4.0) | < 0.001 | 4.0 (3.3–4.7) | 3.7 (2.2–4.0) | 0.002 |
| Constraint | 3.3 (2.0–4.0) | 3.7 (2.7–4.0) | 2.7 (2.0–4.0) | < 0.001 | 3.7 (2.7–4.0) | 3.3 (2.0–4.2) | 0.35 |
| Calculation | 5.7 (4.7–6.0) | 5.3 (4.3–6.0) | 5.7 (4.7–6.0) | 0.173 | 6.0 (5.0–6.7) | 6.0 (5.0–6.3) | 0.981 |
| Collective | 4.7 (4.0–6.0) | 4.7 (4.0–5.7) | 5.7 (4.7–6.3) | < 0.001 | 4.0 (3.3–4.7) | 4.7 (3.7–5.3) | 0.215 |
1Includes ear/nose/throat conditions such as rhinitis, hay fever, and tinnitus; hypertension; kidney disease; skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis; depression; tuberculosis; inherited blood disorders (e.g., thalassemia, hemophilia); eye diseases (e.g., glaucoma, cataract, vision loss/blindness); hypercholesterolemia; diabetes mellitus; and other miscellaneous illnesses.
2The chi-squared or Fisher's exact test was used to assess the crude association between categorical covariates and the outcomes as appropriate while the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for continuous variables.
3The level of agreement to each statement of the 5C vaccine hesitancy scale ranged from 1 to 7 (Figure 2).
Bold figures indicate p-values smaller than 0.05.