Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of the effect of mindfulness meditation on depression during pregnancy.
| Group | Study | Heterogeneity | Results of meta-analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | P | SMD, 95%CI | Z | P | ||
| Total | 11 | 88.0% | 0.000 | −0.786(−1.289,−0.283) | 3.06 | 0.002 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| EPDS | 5 | 86.1% | 0.000 | −0.679(−1.275, −0.082) | 2.23 | 0.026 |
| BDI-II | 1 | – | – | −5.231(−6.596, −3.865) | 7.51 | 0.000 |
| CES-D | 3 | 0.0% | 0.477 | −0.099(−0.538, 0.340) | 0.44 | 0.660 |
| PHQ-9 | 1 | – | – | −0.939(−1.312, −0.566) | 4.94 | 0.000 |
| DASS | 1 | – | – | −0.211(−1.038, 0.615) | 0.50 | 0.616 |
| Intervention content | ||||||
| MBCT | 2 | 97.6% | 0.000 | −2.795(−7.485, 1.895) | 1.17 | 0.243 |
| MBCP | 3 | 0.0% | 0.860 | −0.451(−0.695, −0.206) | 3.62 | 0.000 |
| Mindfulness | 5 | 70.0% | 0.010 | −0.233(−0.769, 0.304) | 0.85 | 0.395 |
| MICBT | 1 | – | – | −2.119(−2.740, −1.498) | 3.06 | 0.002 |
| Length of each intervention session, min | ||||||
| ≤ 60 | 5 | 92.9% | 0.000 | −1.068(−2.273, 0.137) | 1.74 | 0.082 |
| 61–120 | 3 | 90.9% | 0.000 | −0.904(−2.092, 0.285) | 1.49 | 0.136 |
| >120 | 3 | 0.0% | 0.860 | −0.451(−0.695, −0.206) | 3.62 | 0.000 |
| Intervention duration, week | ||||||
| <4 | 3 | 95.8% | 0.004 | −1.756 (−4.242, 0.730) | 1.38 | 0.166 |
| 4-6 | 2 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 0.045(−0.540, 0.631) | 0.15 | 0.879 |
| >6 | 6 | 82.5% | 0.000 | −0.760(−1.218, −0.301) | 3.25 | 0.001 |
| Guided Intervention Frequency, times per week | ||||||
| <6 | 3 | 94.9% | 0.000 | −2.055(−3.960, −0.149) | 2.11 | 0.035 |
| =6 | 2 | 0.0% | 0.389 | 0.045 (−0.540, 0.631) | 0.15 | 0.879 |
| >6 | 6 | 83.4% | 0.000 | −0.597(−1.122, −0.072) | 2.23 | 0.026 |
| Country | ||||||
| America | 3 | 0.0% | 0.790 | −0.346(−0.719, 0.028) | 1.81 | 0.070 |
| Australia | 3 | 95.9% | 0.000 | −1.654(−4.432, 1.123) | 1.17 | 0.243 |
| China | 2 | 35.2% | 0.214 | −0.777(−1.143, −0.410) | 4.15 | 0.000 |
| Iran | 1 | – | – | −2.119(−2.740, −1.498) | 6.69 | 0.000 |
| Sweden | 1 | – | – | −0.412(−0.723, −0.102) | 2.60 | 0.009 |
| Ireland | 1 | – | – | 0.109(−0.584, 0.803) | 0.31 | 0.758 |
| The subjects' pregnancy stages (1:1–14 week,2:15–28 week,3:29 week-born) | ||||||
| 1–2–3 | 5 | 92.2% | 0.000 | −1.024(−2.286, 0.238) | 1.89 | 0.112 |
| 3 | 1 | – | – | −0.387(−1.137, −0.364) | 1.01 | 0.312 |
| 2–3 | 1 | – | – | −0.939(−1.312, −0.566) | 4.94 | 0.000 |
| 1–2 | 3 | 92.0% | 0.000 | −0.860(−2.057, 0.337) | 1.41 | 0.159 |
| 2 | 1 | – | – | −0.412(−0.723, −0.102) | 2.60 | 0.009 |
| Daily homework intervention time, min | ||||||
| <30 | 7 | 83.0% | 0.000 | −0.559(−1.131, 0.013) | 1.91 | 0.056 |
| =30 | 3 | 95.6% | 0.000 | −1.822(−3.315, −0.329) | 2.39 | 0.017 |
| >30 | 1 | – | – | −0.136(−0.850, 0.578) | 0.37 | 0.709 |