TABLE 2.

Functions of insect enzymes in detoxification of pesticides and insect physiology.

Insect common name	Insect scientific name	Name of pesticide	Name of enzyme	Functions	Reference
Spongy moth	Lymantria dispar	Methidathion	Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase	Develop defense mechanism and protect from oxidative stress	Aslanturk et al., 2011
Fall armyworm	Spodoptera frugiperda	Organophosphate insecticides	Alkaline phosphatase, esterase, glutathione S-transferase, aminopeptidase, and proteinase	Resistance, detoxification of pesticides	Zhu et al., 2015
Parasitic wasps	Eretmocerus mundus, Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa	Abamectin	Esterases	Resistance, support to gut microbes, play key role in insect biology, ecology and behavior	Fernández et al., 2019
Colombian mosquito	Aedes aegypti	Pyrethroid insecticides	Esterases and oxidases	Resistance and mutation development	Granada et al., 2021
Whitefly	Bemisia tabaci	Neonicotinoid insecticides	Cytochrome P450	Insecticide resistance, support to symbiotic bacteria	Barman et al., 2021
Honeybee	Apis mellifera	Flumethrin	Catalase	Resistance, increased immunity to pathogens and improvement of detoxification genes (GST, Hymenoptaecin, Defensin1, Catalase, GAPDH)	Yu et al., 2021
Greater Wax Moth	Galleria mellonella	Malathion	Esterase and glutathione S-transferase	Resistance, detoxification of malathion and development of complex biological products	Serebrov et al., 2006
Yellow fever mosquito	Aedes aegypti	Permethrin	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases	Insecticide resistance, perform multiple biological functions and metabolize pesticide	Somwang et al., 2011; David et al., 2014
Yellow fever mosquito	Aedes aegypti	Deltamethrin	Cytochrome P450	Metabolic resistance	Faucon et al., 2015
Diamondback moth	Plutella xylostella	Fenvalerate, fipronil, flufenoxuron and monocrotophos	Hydrolases, transferases and oxygenase’s	Detoxification of pesticides and resistance development	Mohan and Gujar, 2003
Yellow fever mosquito	Aedes aegypti	Glyphosate and alpha pyrene	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases and carboxy/cholinesterase	Resistance, improvement of detoxification genes and development of biological products	Riaz et al., 2009
Brown planthopper	Nilaparvata lugens	Acephate, thiamethoxam and buprofezin	Esterases, glutathione S-transferases and mixed-function oxidases	Resistance	Malathi et al., 2017
Housefly	Musca domestica	Diazinon	Cytochrome P450	Resistance and role in insect biology, ecology, and behavior	Cariño et al., 1994
African malaria mosquito	Anopheles gambiae	Bendiocarb	Cytochrome P450	Resistance and detoxification of pesticide	Edi et al., 2014
Boisduval	Tetranychus cinnabarinus	Abamectin and fenpropathrin	Carboxylesterases, mixed function oxidase, glutathione S-transferases, and hydrolases,	Resistance	Lin et al., 2009
Green peach aphid	Myzus persicae	Neonicotinoid insecticides	Cytochrome P450	Resistance and improve detoxification genes	Puinean et al., 2010
Yellow fever mosquito	Aedes aegypti	Organophosphate, carbamate and some pyrethroid insecticides	α and β Esterases, mixed-function oxidases, glutathione-S-transferase, acetylcholinesterase, and insensitive acetylcholinesterase	Resistance, support to gut microbes, play key role in insect biology, ecology, and behavior	Flores et al., 2006
Yellow fever mosquito	Aedes aegypti	DDT and deltamethrin	Glutathione S-transferase and dehydrochlorinase	Resistance and detoxification of pesticides	Lumjuan et al., 2011
Annual bluegrass weevil	Listronotus maculicollis	Bifenthrin	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases, and carboxylesterases	Detoxification, resistance and development of biological products	Ramoutar et al., 2009
Yellow fever mosquito	Aedes aegypti	Permethrin, temephos and atrazine	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases	Resistance	Poupardin et al., 2008
Australian sheep blowfly	Lucilia cuprina	Organophosphate insecticides	Carboxylesterases and acetylcholinesterase	Resistance, detoxification of insecticides and provide protection from external pathogens	Jackson et al., 2013
Green peach aphid	Myzus persicae	Imidacloprid, acetamiprid and cyhalothrin	Acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and mixed-function oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, amylase	Food digestion, resistance development, breakdown of pesticide compounds and provide protection from external pathogens	Cai et al., 2021
Cotton bollworm	Helicoverpa armigera	Esfenvalerate, indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole	P450 enzymes	Resistance and detoxification of pesticides	Wang et al., 2018
Australian cotton bollworm	Helicoverpa armigera	Fenvalerate	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and carboxylesterases	Resistance and provide protection from external pathogens	Joußen et al., 2012
Red spider mite	Tetranychus urticae	Abamectin	Cytochrome P450	Resistance	Riga et al., 2014
Asian malaria mosquito	Anopheles stephensi	Pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides	Cytochrome P450s, esterase’s, glutathione S-transferases and acetylcholine esterase	Resistance and detoxification of pesticides	Safi et al., 2017
Migratory locust	Locusta migratoria	Carbaryl, malathion, and deltamethrin	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases	Resistance	Guo et al., 2012
Oriental fruit fly	Bactrocera dorsalis	Fenitrothion	Acetylcholinesterase	Resistance and support to detoxification genes	Hsu et al., 2006
African malaria mosquito	Anopheles gambiae	Deltamethrin	Cytochrome P450 enzymes	Resistance	Yahouédo et al., 2017
White-backed planthopper	Sogatella furcifera	Imidacloprid, deltamethrin and triazhophos	Cytochrome P450 enzymes	Detoxification of pesticides and development of resistance	Zhou et al., 2018
Bed bug	Cimex lectularius	Deltamethrin	Cytochrome monooxygenase, esterase’s, glutathione S-transferase, and carboxylesterase	Resistance	Gonzalez-Morales and Romero, 2019
Cowpea aphid	Aphis craccivora	Thiamethoxam	Glutathione S-transferase and mixed function oxidases	Resistance	Abdallah et al., 2016
Small brown planthopper	Laodelphax striatellus	Chlorpyriphos and dichlorvos	Alkaline phosphatase, carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase	Resistance and detoxification of pesticides	Wang et al., 2010