Table 5.

Bivariate and multivariable log-binomial regression analyses and predictors of GDM among pregnant women attending antenatal care at health centres, Goba town, Southeast Ethiopia: April–September 2021 (n=432)

Variables	Non-GDM (n=364)	GDM (n=68)	Crude relative risk (cRR) (95% CI)	Adjusted relative risk (aRR) (95% CI)
Age of women in years
<25	159	23	1	1
25–29	120	21	1.18 (0.68 to 2.04)	1.36 (0.80 to 2.33)
30–34	52	13	1.58 (0.85 to 2.94)	1.53 (0.84 to 2.77)
>34	33	11	1.98 (1.04 to 3.75)+	1.84 (0.96 to 3.50)
Occupational status
Employed	91	8	1	1
Non-employed	273	60	2.23 (1.10 to 4.5)++	2.73 (1.36 to 5.47)**
Family history of DM
Yes	17	10	2.59 (1.49 to 4.47)+	3.01 (2.09 to 4.35)**
No	347	58	1	1
Total	364	68
Haemoglobin status
<11 mg/dL	35	15	2.16 (1.32 to 3.54)+	2.51 (1.70 to 3.69)**
≥11 mg/dL	329	53	1	1
Total	364	68
History of coffee intake in this pregnancy
Yes	326	63	1.39 (0.59 to 3.27)
No	38	5	1
Total	364	68
Number of cups of coffee per day
One	83	10	1
Two	110	16	1.18 (0.56 to 2.48)
Three	79	16	1.57 (0.75 to 3.27)
Four and above	54	21	2.60 (1.30 to 5.19)+
Physical activity status during this pregnancy
Low	156	42	2.71 (1.26 to 5.82)+	2.43 (1.11 to 5.32)*
Moderate	144	20	0.57 (0.35 to 0.94)+	1.98 (0.88 to 4.47)
High	64	6	1	1
Antenatal depression status
Probable	24	20	4.31 (2.75 to 6.77)++	4.95 (3.35 to 7.31)**
Possible	43	13	2.20 (1.24 to 3.89)+	2.12 (1.21 to 3.71)*
Dietary diversity score
<5	18	9	1.57 (1.09 to 2.62)+	1.48 (1.29 to 1.92)**
≥5	346	59	1	1

aRR: **p<0.001, *p<0.05; cRR: ⁺⁺p<0.001, ⁺<0.05.

List of variables used to adjust this model: maternal age, employment status, family history of diabetes, haemoglobin status, physical activity, antenatal depression and dietary diversity.

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.