Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline
| CON1 | T1D | CON2 | T2D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (m/f) | 58 (32/26) | 179 (103/76) | 51 (36/15) | 218 (152/66) |
| Known diabetes duration (months) | — | 6.1 ± 2.6 | — | 5.9 ± 3.1 |
| Age (years) | 37.0 ± 12.5 | 36.5 ± 11.1 | 50.8 ± 10.8 | 51.2 ± 10.3b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 24.9 ± 4.1 | 28.7 ± 3.7 | 30.1 ± 4.9b |
| WHR | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.07a,b |
| Fat mass (%) | 20.1 ± 8.8 | 19.6 ± 8.6 | 28.1 ± 8.1 | 30.2 ± 10.3 |
| hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.16 ± 0.32 | 0.22 ± 0.37a | 0.18 ± 0.27 | 0.30 ± 0.29a |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 88 ± 16 | 133 ± 41a | 89 ± 7 | 127 ± 32a,b |
| HbA1c (% (mmol/mol)) | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 1.2a | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.9a,b |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | 97.6 ± 13.5 | 101.8 ± 14.6 | 89.7 ± 11.9 | 90.0 ± 15.8 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186 ± 40 | 186 ± 42 | 205 ± 37 | 199 ± 44 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 114 ± 38 | 111 ± 34 | 132 ± 34 | 128 ± 36 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 65 ± 19 | 62 ± 18 | 59 ± 18 | 45 ± 13a,b |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 99 ± 58 | 90 ± 62 | 142 ± 192 | 175 ± 197a |
| ALT (U/L) | 21.8 ± 9.5 | 23.7 ± 19.0 | 24.8 ± 10.4 | 33.7 ± 21.8a |
| AST (U/L) | 23.8 ± 6.6 | 21.7 ± 7.9a | 23.3 ± 6.6 | 25.7 ± 12.7 |
| GGT (U/L) | 20.8 ± 15.9 | 20.6 ± 16.8 | 28.6 ± 22.2 | 42.5 ± 65.72a,b |
| FFA (µmol/l) | 476 ± 190 | 656 ± 290a | 526 ± 190 | 638 ± 256a |
| ADIPO-IR (a.u.) | 3.1 ± 2.5 | 7.6 ± 8.6a | 4.5 ± 3.4 | 10.5 ± 7.7a,b |
Data are shown as absolute numbers or mean ± standard deviation, as applicable.
Abbreviations: ADIPO-IR, adipose tissue insulin resistance index; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; a.u., arbitrary units; BMI, body mass index; CON1, age-, sex-, BMI-matched controls for the type 1 diabetes group; CON2, age-, sex-, BMI-matched controls for the type 2 diabetes group; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FFA, free fatty acids; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
a P ≤ .05 T1D or T2D vs CON1 or CON2, respectively.
b P ≤ .05 T1D vs T2D adjusted for age, sex, BMI.