Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the whole patient population
| Parameter | HbA1c < 53 (n = 500) | HbA1c 53-63 (n = 386) | HbA1c 64-74 (n = 85) | HbA1c ≥ 75 (n = 28) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 64.8 ± 9.1 | 65.2 ± 9.8 | 62.6 ± 10.1 | 58.3 ± 11.8 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 318 (63.6) | 223 (57.8) | 51 (60.0) | 16 (57.1) | 0.338 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.8 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 25.3 ± 4.1 | 26.9 ± 4.5 | 0.001 |
| Estimated duration of diabetes (y) | 10.9 ± 7.8 | 14.6 ± 8.6 | 15.6 ± 8.8 | 16.2 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.5 ± 15.3 | 131.3 ± 14.3 | 130.6 ± 15.2 | 126.5 ± 14.1 | 0.357 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.1 ± 11.0 | 75.2 ± 11.0 | 73.8 ± 11.4 | 77.0 ± 11.2 | 0.244 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 8.3 ± 0.3 | 9.8 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 47.3 ± 3.6 | 56.7 ± 2.8 | 67.6 ± 2.8 | 83.3 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.79 ± 0.77 | 4.80 ± 0.82 | 4.85 ± 0.88 | 5.03 ± 1.26 | 0.515 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.65 ± 0.66 | 2.68 ± 0.69 | 2.68 ± 0.66 | 2.71 ± 1.08 | 0.943 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.59 ± 0.41 | 1.55 ± 0.39 | 1.48 ± 0.43 | 1.45 ± 0.44 | 0.052 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.07 (0.75-1.50) | 1.15 (0.84-1.59) | 1.22 (0.94-1.61) | 1.69 (1.22-3.01) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73.0 ± 18.3 | 73.1 ± 20.6 | 72.3 ± 21.8 | 88.5 ± 42.5 | 0.001 |
| Use of oral glucose-lowering agents (%) | 426 (85.2) | 360 (93.3) | 80 (94.1) | 28 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Metformin (%) | 256 (51.2) | 218 (56.5) | 51 (60.0) | 18 (64.3) | 0.182 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 44 (8.8) | 68 (17.6) | 11 (12.9) | 4 (14.3) | 0.001 |
| Glinides (%) | 28 (5.6) | 22 (5.7) | 14 (16.5) | 4 (14.3) | 0.002 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (%) | 273 (54.6) | 243 (63.0) | 42 (49.4) | 19 (67.9) | 0.019 |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (%) | 91 (18.2) | 106 (27.5) | 24 (28.2) | 10 (35.7) | 0.002 |
| Thiazolidinediones (%) | 56 (11.2) | 68 (17.6) | 16 (18.8) | 3 (10.7) | 0.026 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 81 (16.2) | 75 (19.4) | 10 (11.8) | 6 (21.4) | 0.274 |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (%) | 17 (3.4) | 37 (9.6) | 15 (17.6) | 5 (17.9) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (%) | 37 (7.4) | 70 (18.1) | 36 (42.4) | 15 (53.6) | <0.001 |
| Use of anti-hypertensive drugs (%) | 249 (49.8) | 181 (46.9) | 37 (43.5) | 16 (57.1) | 0.493 |
| Use of lipid-lowering agents (%) | 295 (59.0) | 227 (59.1) | 51 (60.0) | 22 (78.6) | 0.225 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (Q1-Q3), or number of patients (%). Continuous data were compared using analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate. Categorical data were compared using Fisher exact test.
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.