Table 4.
The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and the severity of diabetic nephropathy
| Parameter | Subgroup | HbA1c < 53 | HbA1c 53-63 | HbA1c 64-74 | HbA1c ≥ 75 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole patient population | ||||||
| Retinopathy (%) | 74 (14.8) | 105 (27.2) | 29 (34.1) | 14 (50.0) | <0.001 | |
| Normoalbuminuria (%)/ microalbuminuria (%)/ macroalbuminuria (%) |
402 (80.4)/75 (15.0)/23 (4.6) | 264 (68.4)/96 (24.9)/26 (6.7) | 50 (58.8)/24 (28.2)/11 (12.9) | 13 (46.4)/8 (28.6)/7 (25.0) | <0.001 | |
| Age | Years | |||||
| Retinopathy (%) | <65 | 27 (12.2) | 34 (22.5) | 12 (27.9) | 7 (38.9) | 0.001 |
| ≥65 | 47 (16.9) | 71 (30.2) | 17 (40.5) | 7 (70.0) | <0.001 | |
| Normoalbuminuria (%)/ microalbuminuria (%)/ macroalbuminuria (%) |
<65 | 188 (84.7)/26 (11.7)/8 (3.6) | 110 (72.8)/31 (20.5)/10 (6.6) | 32 (74.4)/8 (18.6)/3 (7.0)a | 9 (50.0)/4 (22.2)/5 (27.8) | 0.001 |
| Normoalbuminuria (%)/ microalbuminuria (%)/ macroalbuminuria (%) |
≥65 | 214 (77.0)/49 (17.6)/15 (5.4) | 154 (65.5)/65 (27.7)/16 (6.8) | 18 (42.9)/16 (38.1)/8 (19.0) | 4 (40.0)/4 (40.0)/2 (20.0) | <0.001 |
| Types of antidiabetic agents | Insulin and/or sulfonylureas | |||||
| Retinopathy (%) | Yes | 19 (24.7)a | 55 (41.0)a | 14 (30.4) | 11 (61.1) | 0.010 |
| No | 55 (13.0) | 50 (19.8) | 15 (38.5) | 3 (30.0) | <0.001 | |
| Normoalbuminuria (%)/ microalbuminuria (%)/ macroalbuminuria (%) |
Yes | 54 (70.1)/14 (18.2)/9 (11.7)a | 77 (57.5)/43 (32.1)/14 (10.4)a | 26 (56.5)/14 (30.4)/6 (13.0) | 9 (50.0)/5 (27.8)/4 (22.2) | 0.253 |
| Normoalbuminuria (%)/ microalbuminuria (%)/ macroalbuminuria (%) |
No | 348 (82.3)/61 (14.4)/14 (3.3) | 187 (74.2)/53 (21.0)/12 (4.8) | 24 (61.5)/10 (25.6)/5 (12.8) | 4 (40.0)/3 (30.0)/3 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| Renal function | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
| Retinopathy (%) | <60 | 30 (26.3)a | 32 (38.1)a | 10 (45.5) | 5 (71.4) | 0.023 |
| ≥60 | 44 (11.4) | 73 (24.2) | 19 (30.2) | 9 (42.9) | <0.001 | |
| Normoalbuminuria (%)/ microalbuminuria (%)/ macroalbuminuria (%) |
<60 | 68 (59.6)/31 (27.2)/15 (13.2)a | 39 (46.4)/30 (35.7)/15 (17.9)a | 5 (22.7)/8 (36.4)/9 (40.9)a | 2 (28.6)/2 (28.6)/3 (42.9) | 0.006 |
| Normoalbuminuria (%)/ microalbuminuria (%)/ macroalbuminuria (%) |
≥60 | 334 (86.5)/44 (11.4)/8 (2.1) | 225 (74.5)/66 (21.9)/11 (3.6) | 45 (71.4)/16 (25.4)/2 (3.2) | 11 (52.4)/6 (28.6)/4 (19.0) | <0.001 |
Data are number of patients (%). Differences between the 4 hemoglobin A1c groups were tested with Fisher exact test. Difference between patients stratified by age, types of antidiabetic agents, or renal function in each hemoglobin A1c category were tested with Fisher exact test.
a P < 0.05 between subgroups.