Table 3.

Description of outcome measures.

Outcome (healthy aging–related outcomes) and measure	Measurement procedure
Anthropometric measures and blood pressure	Height (cm) and weight (kg) were measured 2 times without shoes. The average was used. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured 2 times after a 5-minute rest. The average was used.
Physical function	Physical function was assessed with a battery of physical function tests consisting of the 5XSTSa, 50-foot FWTb, hand grip test, 6MWTc, and FLRTd [44].
Cognitive function	The Clock Drawing Test is a measure of visual-spatial abilities and cognitive function and has been used as a screen for cognitive impairment and dementia [45]. Participants are asked to draw the face of a clock with the hands set to “ten minutes past 11 o’clock.” Higher scores indicate high cognitive function. Performance on the Trail Making Test Part A and B is linked to visual search speed, speed of cognitive processing, mental flexibility, and executive functioning [46]. Participants are asked to draw a line to connect circles numbered 1 to 25 in ascending order in Part A and to connect the circles in an ascending order while alternating between numbers and letters (ie, 1-A-2-B-3-C) in Part B as quickly as possible. Longer time (seconds) to complete the task indicates lower level of cognitive function.
Psychosocial responses	Participants completed the SF-12e [47] to generate a physical component score and mental component score of quality of life. Participants completed the BPIf to report the level of perceived pain in 2 domains: pain severity (4 items) and pain interference with life (7 items) [48]. The participants completed the Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8a (8 items) [49] to report the quality of their sleep.
Behavioral response	Participants completed the basic ADLg subscale (5 items) and intermediate ADL subscale (4 items) of the Functional Status Questionnaire [50]. The participants wore a GENEActiv triaxial accelerometer (Activinsights) on the nondominant wrist for 7 days. Time (hours per day) spent in sleep, sedentary activities, and light physical activity was estimated using the R package GGIR (version 1.10-7; R Foundation for Statistical Computing) [51] in the R environment (version 3.6.1).
Biomarker responses (data not reported)	A saliva sample was collected after a 12-hour fast. The participants also provided samples of saliva collected at home using a saliva collection kit.

^a5XSTS: 5-time sit-to-stand test.

^bFWT: fast walk test.

^c6MWT: 6-minute walk test.

^dFLRT: forward lean reach test.

^eSF-12: 12-Item Short Form Health Survey.

^fBPI: Brief Pain Inventory.

^gADL: activities of daily living.