Table 2.
Causes of CSF after endoscopic endonasal surgery.
| ID | Sex /age | Pathology | ICSF leakage flow grading | Causes | Time | Repair times | Nasal packing | Complication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M/29 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 3 | Insufficient embedded fat | 14 | 1 | B | Intracranial infection |
| 2 | F/52 | Meningioma | Grade 3 | Inner artificial dura breach | 15 | 1 | G | — |
| 3 | F/50 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 2 | VP-NSF perforation | 23 | 1 | B | — |
| 4 | M/45 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 3 | VP-NSF Perforation | 20 | 2 | B | — |
| 5 | M/19 | Craniopharyngioma | Grade 3 | Inner artificial dura breach + Not firm adherence of VP-NSF to the skull base | 19 | 2 | B | Intracranial infection |
| 6 | F/57 | Craniopharyngioma | Grade 3 | Inner artificial dura breach | 12 | 1 | B | Intracranial infection |
| 7 | F/48 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 3 | VP-NSF displacement + Inner artificial dura breach | 5 | 1 | B | — |
| 8 | M/53 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 2 | Inner artificial dura breach | 9 | 1 | B | — |
| 9 | M/58 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 3 | 10 | 1 | G | Intracranial infection | |
| 10 | F/63 | Craniopharyngioma | Grade 3 | Inner artificial dura breach + VP-NSF displacement | 14 | 2 | B | Intracranial infection |
| 11 | F/61 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 3 | VP-NSF inactivation + VP-NSF displacement | 13 | 1 | G | Intracranial infection |
| 12 | M/42 | Meningioma | Grade 3 | Inner artificial dura breach | 15 | 1 | B | Intracranial infection |
| 13 | M/22 | Craniopharyngioma | Grade 2 | LD < 72 h | 3 | 0 | G | Intracranial infection |
| 14 | F/43 | Pituitary adenoma | Grade 1 | LD < 72 h | 14 | 0 | B | / |
Grade 1 = small “weeping” leak, without obvious or with only small diaphragmatic defect; grade 2 = obvious defect of sellar diaphragma or skull base dura mater with moderate CSF exudation; grade 3 = large CSF leak, large sellar diaphragmatic or skull base dural defect with extensive opening of suprasellar arachnoid cistern and/or opening of the floor of the third ventricle.
B, balloon; G, gauze; LD, lumbar cistern drainage; VP-NSF, vascularized pedicle nasoseptal flap; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ICSF, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid.