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. 2022 Sep 13;9:981669. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.981669

Table 2.

Causes of CSF after endoscopic endonasal surgery.

ID Sex /age Pathology ICSF leakage flow grading Causes Time Repair times Nasal packing Complication
1 M/29 Pituitary adenoma Grade 3 Insufficient embedded fat 14 1 B Intracranial infection
2 F/52 Meningioma Grade 3 Inner artificial dura breach 15 1 G
3 F/50 Pituitary adenoma Grade 2 VP-NSF perforation 23 1 B
4 M/45 Pituitary adenoma Grade 3 VP-NSF Perforation 20 2 B
5 M/19 Craniopharyngioma Grade 3 Inner artificial dura breach + Not firm adherence of VP-NSF to the skull base 19 2 B Intracranial infection
6 F/57 Craniopharyngioma Grade 3 Inner artificial dura breach 12 1 B Intracranial infection
7 F/48 Pituitary adenoma Grade 3 VP-NSF displacement + Inner artificial dura breach 5 1 B
8 M/53 Pituitary adenoma Grade 2 Inner artificial dura breach 9 1 B
9 M/58 Pituitary adenoma Grade 3 10 1 G Intracranial infection
10 F/63 Craniopharyngioma Grade 3 Inner artificial dura breach + VP-NSF displacement 14 2 B Intracranial infection
11 F/61 Pituitary adenoma Grade 3 VP-NSF inactivation + VP-NSF displacement 13 1 G Intracranial infection
12 M/42 Meningioma Grade 3 Inner artificial dura breach 15 1 B Intracranial infection
13 M/22 Craniopharyngioma Grade 2 LD < 72 h 3 0 G Intracranial infection
14 F/43 Pituitary adenoma Grade 1 LD < 72 h 14 0 B /

Grade 1 = small “weeping” leak, without obvious or with only small diaphragmatic defect; grade 2 = obvious defect of sellar diaphragma or skull base dura mater with moderate CSF exudation; grade 3 = large CSF leak, large sellar diaphragmatic or skull base dural defect with extensive opening of suprasellar arachnoid cistern and/or opening of the floor of the third ventricle.

B, balloon; G, gauze; LD, lumbar cistern drainage; VP-NSF, vascularized pedicle nasoseptal flap; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ICSF, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid.