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. 2022 Jul 31;101(11):1269–1273. doi: 10.1177/00220345221108953

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© International Association for Dental Research and American Association for Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research 2022

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 1. — Algorithmic overview of the iterative federated averaging protocol with 4 steps: 1) server broadcasts artificial intelligence model to all participants; 2) each participant individually trains model on its local data to create an updated model; 3) participants send model updates back to central server; 4) server averages all model updates to aggregate them to a new global model for the next round.