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. 2022 Sep 26;10(27):9588–9601. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i27.9588

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©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Action potential of cardiac muscle. Red arrow up represents outward current, green arrow down represents inward currents. Action potential has 5 states: 4, resting; 0, upstroke; 1, early repolarization; 2, plateau; 3, final repolarization. APD: Action potential duration; I_CaL: L-type Ca²⁺ current; I_f: Pacemaker current; I_K: Delayed rectification currents; I_K1: Inward rectifier current; I_KACh: Acetylcholine-activated inward-rectifying potassium current; I_Kr: Rapid; I_Ks: Slow; I_Kur: Ultra-rapid; I_Na: Sodium current; I_to: Transient outward current; NCX, Na +/Ca²⁺ exchanger.