Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic relapsing dermatological disorder that significantly affects the patients’ psychosocial well-being and quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to determine the proportion of severely impaired QOL, the factors associated with severely impaired QOL, and its correlation with depression among semi-urban populations on the Northeast Coast of the Peninsular Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 257 patients with psoriasis at the Dermatology Clinic of Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah via a self-administered questionnaire that included sociodemographic profiles, the validated Malay version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and the Malay version of the Beck depression scale. The data were analysed using logistic and linear regression models. About 20.5% of the patients had severely impaired QOL quality of life, while 79.5% of the patients had non-impaired QOL. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the psoriatic severity [Adjusted OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.76, 9.93; p < 0.001] and exposed area [Adjusted OR 2.93, 95% CI: 0.38, 2.29; p = 0.050] had a significant association with severely impaired QOL. Among the patients, 18.7% had a positive result in the screening for depression, which revealed a significant association between QOL and depression scores [r = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.56, p < 0.001]. Psoriasis can impair QOL and have a relation with mental health. Regular screening for depression among patients with psoriasis is a beneficial strategy for the early detection of depression, especially in semi-urban areas.
Keywords: psoriasis, depression, quality of life, chronic disease
1. Introduction
Psoriasis is a relatively common inflammatory, proliferative skin disease that affects about 1 to 3% of the world’s population [1,2]. It is a complex, multifaceted skin disorder that can significantly affect the patient’s QOL, influencing daily, social activities, and other aspects of life [3]. Clinicians assess the severity of psoriasis on the basis of clinical signs such as the extent of body surface area (BSA) involvement and the degree of scaliness, redness, and thickness using the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) [2]. Its pathogenesis and progression are related to genetic factors, emotional stress, drugs, infections, and physical trauma [4]. Psoriasis has been reported to severely interfere with all aspects of a patient’s life, unlike lives compared to patients with other skin disorder [5]. The degree of deterioration in the QOL of patients was found to be statistically significant in terms of all four dimensions, namely symptoms, emotions, life, and social functions [4].
Many studies have reported the factors associated with the QOL of patients with psoriasis. Many associated factors can contribute to severely impaired QOL such as sociodemographic and psoriasis factors [1,6,7]. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country, and many studies have been conducted to determine the sociodemographic that can impair the QOL of patients with psoriasis [6,8,9,10,11]. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with QOL and correlate depression and QOL in patients with psoriasis in semi-urban areas.
2. Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 257 patients with psoriasis from January to June 2019. We used convenience sampling involving all patients aged 18 years and above.
2.1. Setting
This study was conducted at the Dermatology Clinic of Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah, a state located on the Northeast Coast, Malaysia. It is a tertiary hospital in a semi-urban area and receives referrals from district hospitals, health clinics, and private clinics nearby.
2.2. Participants
All patients registered in the psoriatic registry system in the hospital were included in this study. Participants who met the inclusion criteria, whereas patients with a concomitant psychotic psychiatric disorder and established diagnosis of depression, were excluded.
2.3. Research Tools
This study used a self-administered questionnaire that included the sociodemographic profile, the validated Malay version of Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-Malay (BDI-Malay). A sociodemographic questionnaire included background data such as age, race, sex, marital status, educational status, employment status, and household income. The medical records were reviewed for the types of psoriasis, age of onset, joint involvement, severity, and the affected anatomical location of the disease. The types of psoriasis were categorised into plaque and non-plaque. The disease’s age of onset was categorised as either <30 or 30 years old and above. The joint involvement was classified into with or without joint involvement. The severity of the disease was classified as either non-severe (PASI score <10) or severe (PASI score ≥10). The DLQI and BDI-Malay are described in Table 1.
Table 1.
The description of DLQI and BDI-Malay.
| Questionnaire | Questions/Items | Scoring | Cronbach Alpha |
|---|---|---|---|
| DLQI-Malay [6,12] | 10 questions; symptoms and feelings (Q1 & Q2), daily activities (Q3 & Q4), leisure (Q5&Q6), work and school (Q7), personal relationships (Q8 & Q9), and treatment (Q10). | It being scored from 0 to 3 (a little, a lot, or very much). Minimum = 0 and Maximum = 30. If >10 (severely impaired) and ≤10 (non-impaired) | 0.844 |
| BDI-Malay [13,14,15] | 20 items, a self-report rating inventory on attitudes and symptoms of depression over the past week. | Scores ≥ 10 (depressed) Scores < 10 (normal) | 0.91 |
2.4. Data Analyses
Data entry and analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). We used descriptive statistics including the means and standard deviations (SD) to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and QOL characteristics. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were carried out to identify the associated psoriatic and sociodemographic factors for severely impaired QOL. Simple logistic regression for the initial model was performed. The variables that met the initial screening criterion of p < 0.25 were then regressed using multiple logistic regression with forward, backward, and stepwise methods.
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
The mean (SD) age of all the 257 patients who were enrolled and participated in this study was 46.6 (16.7) years old. Those of patients belonging to the severely impaired and non-impaired QOL groups were 38.8 (14.2) and 48.6 (16.7) years old, respectively. The socio-demographic characteristics of the patients and the clinical features of psoriasis are shown in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.
Table 2.
The sociodemographic characteristics of patients (n = 257).
| Variables | Total n = 257 (100%) |
Non-Impaired QOL (n = 205) 79.5% |
Severe Impaired QOL (n = 52) 20.5% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) a
Mean (SD): 46.6 (16.7) a |
48.6 (16.7) a | 38.8 (14.2) a | |
| Sex: | |||
| Male | 135 (52.5) | 107 (52.2) | 28 (53.8) |
| Female | 122 (47.5) | 98 (47.8) | 24 (46.2) |
| Race | |||
| Malay | 227 (88.3) | 182 (88.8) | 45 (86.5) |
| Chinese | 16 (6.2) | 12 (5.9) | 4 (7.7) |
| Indian | 12 (4.7) | 11 (5.4) | 1 (1.9) |
| Others | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 2 (3.8) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 186 (88.3) | 154 (75.1) | 32 (61.5) |
| Not married | 64 (24.9) | 45 (22) | 19 (36.5) |
| Divorced | 7 (2.7) | 6 (2.9) | 1 (1.9) |
| Occupation | |||
| Employed | 160 (62.3) | 123 (60.0) | 37 (71.2) |
| Non employed | 97 (37.7) | 82 (40.0) | 15 (28.8) |
| Education level | |||
| Primary | 35 (13.6) | 32 (15.6) | 3 (5.8) |
| Secondary | 142 (55.3) | 117 (57.1) | 25 (48.1) |
| Tertiary/University | 80 (31.1) | 56 (27.3) | 24 (46.2) |
| Family with psoriasis | |||
| Yes | 78 (30.4) | 58 (28.3) | 20 (38.5) |
| No | 179 (69.6) | 147 (71.7) | 32 (61.5) |
| Income (RM) b | |||
| ≤1000 | 109 (42.4) | 92 (42.4) | 17 (42.5) |
| >1001–3000 | 101 (39.3) | 85 (39.2) | 16 (40.0) |
| >3001 | 47 (18.3) | 40 (18.4) | 40 (18.4) |
a mean (SD), b median (IQR).
Table 3.
The clinical characteristic of patients (n = 257).
| Variables | Total n = 257 (100%) |
Non-Impaired QOL (n = 205) 79.5% |
Severe Impaired QOL (n = 52) 20.5% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of psoriasis | |||
| Plaque | 246 (95.7) | 207 (95.4) | 39 (97.5) |
| Non plaque | 11 (4.3) | 10 (4.6) | 1 (2.5) |
| Age of onset of psoriasis | |||
| ≤30 years old | 116 (45.1) | 86 (42.0) | 30 (57.7) |
| 30> years old | 141 (54.9) | 119 (58.0) | 22 (42.3) |
| Psoriatic severity | |||
| Severe | 44 (17.1) | 27 (13.2) | 17 (32.7) |
| Non severe | 213 (82.9) | 178 (86.8) | 35 (67.3) |
| Location of psoriasis | |||
| Exposed | 89 (34.6) | 65 (31.7) | 24 (46.2) |
| Non exposed | 116 (45.1) | 103 (50.2) | 13 (25.0) |
| Both | 52 (20.2) | 37 (18.0) | 15 (28.8) |
| Joint/nail involvement | |||
| Yes | 103 (40.1) | 75 (36.6) | 28 (53.8) |
| No | 154 (59.9) | 130 (63.4) | 24 (46.2) |
3.2. Associated Factors by Logistic Regression
There were significant associations between the severity and anatomy psoriasis in patients with severely impaired QOL (Table 4 and Table 5). Patients with severe psoriasis had a 1.91-fold higher probability of having severely impaired QOL than those with non-severe psoriasis. Those who had exposed and non-exposed psoriatic lesions had 2.93-fold and 1.41-fold higher probabilities of having severely impaired QOL, respectively, than those who had both lesions.
Table 4.
The associated factors for quality of life using simple logistic regression.
| Variables | Crude OR a | (95% CI b) | Wald Stat c | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.02 | (0.006, 6.664) | 0.809 | 0.368 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | |||
| Female | 0.788 | (0.399, 1.558) | 0.468 | 0.494 |
| Race | 0.648 | |||
| Malay | 1.960 | (0.596, 6.443) | 1.227 | 0.268 |
| Chinese | 0.534 | (0.067, 4.278) | 0.349 | 0.555 |
| Indian | 1.00 | 0.999 | ||
| Marital status | 0.178 | |||
| Married | 1.971 | (0.964, 4.032) | 3.457 | 0.063 |
| Not married/divorced | 1.00 | |||
| Income (RM) | ||||
| <1000 | 0.986 | |||
| 1001–3000 | 1.019 | (0.484, 2.143) | 0.002 | 0.961 |
| 3001–6000 | 1.015 | (0.368, 2.797) | 0.001 | 0.977 |
| >6000 | 0.676 | (0.079, 5.763) | 0.128 | 0.721 |
| Occupation | ||||
| Employed/schooling | 0.578 | (0.274, 1.218) | 2.080 | 0.149 |
| Non employed | 1.00 | |||
| Education Level | 0.016 | |||
| Primary | 2.395 | (0.529, 10.847) | 1.285 | 0.257 |
| Secondary | 5.500 | (1.210, 25.005) | 4.868 | 0.027 |
| University/above | 1.00 | |||
| Family history of psoriasis | ||||
| Yes | 0.682 | (0.337, 1.379) | 1.137 | 0.286 |
| No | ||||
| Types | 0.961 | |||
| Plaque | 0.000 | (0.000, 0.000) | 0.000 | 0.999 |
| Guttate | 0.000 | (0.235, 29.986) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Erythrodermic | 2.654 | (0.000) | 0.622 | 0.430 |
| Pustular | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | |
| Age of diagnosis | ||||
| <30 years old | 0.554 | (0.280, 1.097) | 2.874 | 0.090 |
| >30 years old | 0.247 | 35.992 | ||
| Severity | ||||
| Yes (PASI ≥ 10) | 0.257 | (0.121, 0.544) | 12.597 | 0.000 |
| No (PASI < 10) | 0.517 | 4.297 | 0.038 | |
| Joint involvement | ||||
| YES | 0.382 | (0.191, 0.761) | 7.479 | 0.006 |
| NO | 0.304 | 26.128 | 0.000 | |
| Anatomy of psoriasis | 0.008 | |||
| Exposed | 0.332 | (0.141, 0.780) | 6.403 | 0.011 |
| Non exposed | 1.315 | (0.583, 2.965) | 0.435 | 0.510 |
| Both | 0.254 | 27.042 | 0.000 |
a Adjusted odds ratio, b Confidence interval, c Wald statistic. Note: No significant interaction; no multicollinearity; model assumptions met.
Table 5.
The associated factors for severely impaired quality of life using multiple logistic regression.
| Variables | Adj. OR a | 95% CI b | Wald Stat c | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severity | ||||
| Severe | 1.91 | (1.76, 9.93) | 10.50 | 0.001 |
| Non-severe | 1.00 | |||
| Anatomy of psoriasis | ||||
| Exposed | 2.93 | (0.38, 2.29) | 3.56 | 0.050 |
| Non-exposed | 1.41 | (0.15, 1.15) | 2.65 | 0.040 |
| Both | 1.00 |
a Adjusted odds ratio, b Confidence interval, c Wald statistic. Note: No significant interaction; no multicollinearity; model assumptions met.
3.3. Association between Depression Scores and QOL
There was a positive correlation between the QOL and depression scores with a beta coefficient value of 1.47 with 95% CI (0.35, 0.56) and a p-value < 0.001 (Table 6).
Table 6.
The association between the depression score and quality of life score among patients with psoriasis.
| Variable | n | Adj b d (95% CI a) | t Statistic | p-Value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QOL score | 257 | 0.47 (0.35, 0.56) | 8.604 | 0.001 |
a Confidence interval. b Multiple linear regression (model assumptions met). Adjusted for psoriatic severity and anatomical location of psoriasis. d Adjusted regression coefficient.
4. Discussion
4.1. Prevalence of Severely Impaired QOL
Our study yielded a slightly lower prevalence rate of severely impaired QOL for this disease than that of the general population in Malaysia, which is about 33%, as reported in 2014, 2015, and 2018 [1,16]. The reports were multicentric national registry surveys in all Malaysian hospitals that provided psoriasis treatment and used a set of questionnaires similar to our study. Even though a similar questionnaire was used, our study’s prevalence rate of severely impaired QOL was also lower than those of the Asia Pacific (33.6%) and global (36.5%) populations [10,17].
This study was conducted in a semi-urban area of Malaysia. Most patients were Malay, married, and employed with good sociodemographic support. Thus, from the patients’ cultural and sociodemographic backgrounds, the level of acceptance was high, and the patients with psoriasis coped well with the stress associated with the disease [18]. A study conducted in Malaysia found that impaired QOL in chronic disease depends on the cultural perception, study population such as rural/urban population, and sociodemographic factors of the patients [8,18]. One study conducted by Chan et al. in 2015 showed that people in rural areas were more likely to have severely impaired QOL than those in semi-urban areas. This may be related to limited access to health care services and a lack of financial means to pay for such services [8].
Another study conducted at urban centre hospitals by Tang et al. in 2013 showed that the prevalence of severely impaired QOL among patients with psoriasis was higher than that in our study, which was about 46% [10]. The higher prevalence of severely impaired QOL in their research was most likely attributable to other factors such as urban areas, which have many stressful surrounding factors that can affect the QOL. Our study was conducted in a semi-urban area, where the economic and surrounding factors are different from those in urban areas [10].
One study conducted in China by Ching et al. in 2016 showed that the prevalence of severely impaired QOL among patients with psoriasis was 48.1%, which was higher than that of the global population [19]. There were differences in the social factors, surroundings, and medical services; the population was more concerned with physical appearance and personality in daily activities. Thus, it might make them feel embarrassed, flawed, and stigmatised in the community [19,20].
4.2. Severity of Psoriasis
Our results showed that disease severity and the lesion’s anatomical location are significantly associated with severely impaired QOL among patients with psoriasis. In this study, the severity of psoriasis was associated with severely impaired QOL, and our findings were similar to those of previous Malaysian [6,10], Asia Pacific, Asia Pacific, and global studies [4]. In Malaysia, the 2014 National Psoriasis Registry showed an association between disease severity and significantly impaired QOL (p < 0.001). The registry recorded all the psoriasis patient data from 2012 to 2018, consisting of 11,622 registered patients. About 10% of the patients had a PASI score of ≥10, which was significantly related to severely impaired QOL [1,16]. They also reported that most (about 53%) of the psoriasis patients in Malaysia had mild to moderate BSA involvement, and severe psoriasis with >10% BSA involvement occurred in 16.1% [16].
In 2013, Min moon et al. reported that the most important factor affecting QOL was the clinical severity of psoriasis, as indicated by the PASI score. Patients with higher PASI scores had a lower QOL, as evidenced by statistically significantly higher DLQI scores. Patients with higher PASI scores had a lower QOL, as evidenced by statistically significantly higher DLQI scores [10]. Their results were comparable to those in our study as their study was also conducted in a dermatology clinic in a semi-urban area in Malaysia. Most patients with psoriasis were severely affected by the symptoms of itch and pain caused by the disease and felt embarrassed.
A study by Chen et al. in China conducted in 2016 summarised a similar finding to our study, in which a higher severity was confirmed as the most crucial determinant for a lower QOL. People with severe disease had a 7.3-fold significantly higher risk of having a worse QOL [19]. However, in 2015, Nazemei et al. reported in Iran that the psychological vulnerability score (SCL90), illness perception score (IPQ-R), and coping strategies score (CISS) had no significant relationship with the PASI score [21]. Their questionnaire was different from our DLQI questionnaire, which specifically considers the psychological impairment of the patient. Studies in Spain and the USA showed similar findings regarding the significant association between psoriatic severity and severely impaired QOL. It was concluded that although the severity of psoriasis is significant, there are other critical aspects of psoriasis care including body pain and mental well-being [22,23,24].
4.3. Anatomy of the Lesions
Our study showed a significant association between the anatomy of lesions and severely impaired QOL. Our findings were similar to those of other Malaysian, Asia Pacific, and global studies [6,9,19]. Nyunt et al. (2013) at University Malaya Medical Centre showed that about 58.8% had significantly impaired QOL in patients with exposed lesions. About 46.8% had suffered exposed area involvement in patients with psoriasis [6]. This result was almost similar compared to our study, where approximately 46.2% suffered exposed area involvement, and 28.8% sustained both area involvement. The cosmetic disfigurement may make a person with psoriasis feel embarrassed, flawed, and stigmatised, disrupting personal relationships, work-related, and leisure activities [25].
Most previous studies have evaluated the exposed and non-exposed lesion areas but did not classify both involvements of the site as one category [6,17,26]. Our study revealed that patients who showed only exposed area involvement had a more impaired QOL than those who showed both exposed and non-exposed lesion involvements.
In 2015, a study by Yang et al. of 200 patients in a dermatology clinic in Taiwan, showed a significant association between the exposed lesion (hand) and severely impaired QOL [17]. They showed that patients with psoriasis involving their hands were more depressed (59.1%) and their life, social, and occupational functions were more severely affected. Most patients with psoriasis involving their hands worried more about losing their job than patients with non-exposed lesions [17].
This study could not establish any association between the sociodemographic data and severely impaired QOL among patients with psoriasis. Likewise, studies in Malaysia showed inconclusive results regarding sociodemographic factors related to QOL among the Malaysian population [7,9,27]. A similar finding can be found worldwide: there was no association between demographic characteristics and severely impaired QOL [17,28].
4.4. Prevalence of Depression among Patients with Severely Impaired QOL
In this study, we found that the prevalence of depression among patients with severely impaired QOL was almost 19%, with a mean score of 6.72 (SD 4.412). A recent study at a similar site using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess depression found about 8.5% of patients had depression [29]. Generally, the proportion of psoriasis patients with depression symptoms ranged from 9% to 55%, likely due to differences in the screening methods and study populations [4]. A meta-analysis conducted in 2014 found that the use of different questionnaires resulted in differences in the prevalence of depression. The study showed that utilising BDI resulted in a higher prevalence of patients with depression symptoms at 26% [30]. Compared with other questionnaires used to assess depression symptoms, BDI is more specific and focused on diagnosing depression [14].
The prevalence rate of depression was lower in this study than the global prevalence rate in patients with psoriasis, which is 30% to 65% [17,31]. A study by Maria et al. conducted in Italy in 2006 showed that the prevalence of depression among patients with psoriasis, especially among female patients, was about 62% [31]. Cultural influences may play a part in the relatively low prevalence of patients with depression in our study. In general, lifetime rates of depression are significantly much higher in the West than in Asian countries. This difference has been theorised to be due to the better ways of managing negative emotions in the Asian culture, which prevents symptoms from escalating into a mood disorder [18].
4.5. Association between DLQI Score and Depression Score
In this study, we showed a positive correlation between the DLQI score and depression score, with the beta coefficient value of 1.47 with 95% CI (0.35,0.56) and the p-value of <0.001. The more severe the QOL, the higher the risk of the patient developing depression. This finding is a similar result to those of other studies around the world. Ghajarzadeh et al. found that depressed individuals tended to have higher DLQI scores (p = 0.00) [15]. They discovered that maladaptive coping responses, body image problems, and feelings of shame, stress, and worry had been suggested to cause depression in psoriasis patients.
In 2017, Mahmutovic et al. found that the degree of depression and the QOL of persons with psoriasis were negatively correlated. As the values of the QOL domains become poorer, the respondents’ degree of depression grows. Their study focused on two domains of QOL, namely physical and psychological health, which correlate with depression symptoms. Both domains showed a significant relation with a p-value of <0.001 [32]. In comparison, other studies in Malaysia showed similar findings to ours, revealing a significant correlation between the QOL score and depression score [1,10].
5. Conclusions
The QOL of patients with psoriasis is affected by multiple factors. They also demonstrated having more depression symptoms, which correlated with the QOL. Patients with more severe psoriatic characteristics require further evaluation of their mental health. Screening for depression symptoms among psoriasis patients is necessary. The limitation of our study is that it only evaluated patients at a tertiary centre in which patients suffering from less severe psoriasis might be underrepresented. Assessing this issue in a broader population setting can add more lines of evidence in future studies.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all of the patients who participated in this study.
Author Contributions
Conceptualisation, M.S.A.F. and F.M.Z.; Methodology, M.S.A.F., F.M.Z. and Z.M.Y.; Analysis, M.S.A.F., F.M.Z. and Z.M.Y.; Writing—original draft preparation, M.S.A.F.; Writing—review and editing, M.S.A.F., F.M.Z., Z.M.Y. and J.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The ethical approval to conduct this study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM/JEPeM/1808036) and the Ministry of Health Malaysia Medical Research and Ethics Committee (NMRR-18-3370-43303(IIR).
Informed Consent Statement
The patient(s) provided their written informed consent to publish this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data are contained within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding Statement
This study did not receive any funding.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
- 1.Robinson S., Min Hoon T., Zhenli K., Sook Yee V., Ramalingam R., Thevarajah S. The Tenth Report of the Malaysian Psoriasis Registry. National Dermatology Registry. Malaysian Psoriasis Registry; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: 2018. [(accessed on 15 January 2020)]. Available online: https://www.dermatology.org.my/DermReg/files/The Tenth Report of the Malaysian Psoriasis Registry.pdf. [Google Scholar]
- 2.WHO . Global Psoriasis Report National Psoriasis Foundation. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2016. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Tohid H., Aleem D., Jackson C. Major Depression and Psoriasis: A Psychodermatological Phenomenon. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2016;29:220–230. doi: 10.1159/000448122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Korman A.M., Hill D., Alikhan A., Feldman S.R. Impact and management of depression in psoriasis patients. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2016;17:147–152. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1128894. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Parkitny L., McAuley J. The depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) J. Physiother. 2010;56:204. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(10)70030-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Nyunt W.W.T., Low W.Y., Ismail R., Sockalingam S., Min A.K.K. Determinants of health-related quality of life in psoriasis patients in Malaysia. Asia-Pac. J. Public Health. 2015;27:NP662–NP673. doi: 10.1177/1010539513492561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Kwan Z., Bong Y.B., Tan L.L., Lim S.X., Yong A.S.W., Ch’ng C.C., Tan M.P., Ismail R. Determinants of quality of life and psychological status in adults with psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2018;310:443–451. doi: 10.1007/s00403-018-1832-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Chan Y.Y., Teh C.H., Lim K.K., Lim K.H., Yeo P.S., Kee C.C., Omar M.A., Ahmad N.A. Lifestyle, chronic diseases and self-rated health among Malaysian adults: Results from the 2011 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) BMC Public Health. 2015;15:754. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2080-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Cohen B.E., Martires K.J., Ho R.S. Psoriasis and the risk of depression in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2012. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152:73–79. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Tang M.M., Chang C.C., Chan L.C., Heng A. Quality of life and cost of illness in patients with psoriasis in Malaysia: A multicenter study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2013;52:314–322. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05340.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Chang C.C., Gangaram H.B., Hussein S.H. Malaysian Psoriasis Registry-preliminary report of a pilot study using a newly revised registry form. Med. J. Malays. 2008;63((Suppl. C)):68–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.MOH . Malaysian Psoriasis Clinical Practice Guideline. Ministry of Health; Putrajaya, Malaysia: 2013. [Google Scholar]
- 13.Muhktar F., Oei T.P.S. Exploratory and confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory for Malays (BDI-Malay) in Malaysia. Malays. J. Psychiatry. 2008;17:92–100. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Jackson-Koku G. Beck depression inventory. Occup. Med. 2016;66:174–175. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqv087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Ghajarzadeh M., Kheirkhah S., Ghiasi M., Hoseini N. Depression and quality of life in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis patients. Iran J. Dermatol. 2011;14:123–128. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Mohd Affandi A., Ngah Saaya N., Johar A. National Dermatology Registry. Annual Report of Malaysian Psoriatic Registry 2007–2015. Ministry of Health Malaysia; Putrajaya, Malaysia: 2015. [Google Scholar]
- 17.Yang H.-J., Yang K.-C. Impact of psoriasis on quality of life in Taiwan. Dermatol. Sin. 2015;33:146–150. doi: 10.1016/j.dsi.2015.02.001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 18.De Vaus J., Hornsey M.J., Kuppens P., Bastian B. Exploring the East-West divide in prevalence of affective disorder: A case for cultural differences in coping with negative emotion. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2018;22:285–304. doi: 10.1177/1088868317736222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Chen C.-Y. Unpublished Bachelor’s Thesis. Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden: 2016. Quality of Life and Its Associated Factors for Psoriasis Patients in China: A Cross-Sectional Study from Hospital-based Data. [Google Scholar]
- 20.He Z., Marrone G., Ou A., Liu H., Ma L., Huang Y., Li Y., Sun L., Bai Y., Liu W., et al. Factors affecting health-related quality of life in patients with skin disease: Cross-sectional results from 8,789 patients with 16 skin diseases. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 2020;18:298. doi: 10.1186/s12955-020-01542-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Noormohammadpour P., Fakour Y., Nazemei M.J., Ehsani A., Gholamali F., Morteza A., Mokhtari L., Khosrovanmehr N. Evaluation of some psychological factors in psoriatic patients. Iran J. Psychiatry. 2015;10:37. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Bhosle M.J., Kulkarni A., Feldman S.R., Balkrishnan R. Quality of life in patients with psoriasis. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 2006;4:35. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-4-35. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Heydendael V.M.R., De Borgie C.A.J.M., Spuls P.I., Bossuyt P.M.M., Bos J.D., De Rie M.A. The burden of psoriasis is not determined by disease severity only. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 2004;9:131–135. doi: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2004.09115.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Armstrong A.W., Schupp C., Wu J., Bebo B. Quality of life and work productivity impairment among psoriasis patients: Findings from the National Psoriasis Foundation survey data 2003–2011. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e52935. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Łakuta P., Marcinkiewicz K., Bergler-Czop B., Brzezińska-Wcisło L., Słomian A. Associations between site of skin lesions and depression, social anxiety, body-related emotions and feelings of stigmatization in psoriasis patients. Postepy Dermatol. Alergol. 2018;35:60–66. doi: 10.5114/pdia.2016.62287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Aghaei S., Moradi A., Ardekani G.S. Impact of psoriasis on quality of life in Iran. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2009;75:220. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.48689. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Zachariae R., Zachariae C., Ibsen H.H.W., Mortensen J.T., Wulf H.C. Psychological symptoms and quality of life of dermatology outpatients and hospitalized dermatology patients. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2004;84:205–212. doi: 10.1080/00015550410023284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Chandran V., Raychaudhuri S.P. Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J. Autoimmun. 2010;34:J314–J321. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Bakar R.S., Jaapar S.Z.S., Azmi A.F., Aun Y.C. Depression and anxiety among patients with psoriasis: A correlation with quality of life and associated factors. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. 2021;16:491–496. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.02.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Dowlatshahi E.A., Wakkee M., Arends L.R., Nijsten T. The prevalence and odds of depressive symptoms and clinical depression in psoriasis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2014;134:1542–1551. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Esposito M., Saraceno R., Giunta A., Maccarone M., Chimenti S. An Italian study on psoriasis and depression. Dermatology. 2006;212:123–127. doi: 10.1159/000090652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Mahmutovic J., Zukic M., Pasalic A., Brankovic S., Jaganjac A., Katana B. Correlation between quality of life and depression among persons suffering from psoriasis. Med. Arch. 2017;71:341. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.341-346. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data are contained within the article.