Table 3.
Mean total energy intake and nutrient content of the overall diet according to quintiles of the energy share of UPFs in the study sample (n = 1936).
| Quintiles of the Dietary Contribution of Ultra-Processed Foods (% of Total Dietary Energy) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrients | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p-Value | P For Trend |
| Energy (kcal) | 2019.0 (717.3) |
2072.7 (703.4) |
2093.4 (733.3) |
2035.4 (713.6) |
2360.4 (1118.1) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Energy (KJ) | 8168.6 (2980.3) |
8393.3 (2894.7) |
8499.9 (3052.4) |
8259.7 (2947.1) |
9589.0 (4638.2) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 87.3 (40.1) |
87.4 (31.0) |
87.6 (32.6) |
84.9 (32.2) |
95.5 (52.4) |
0.002 | 0.033 |
| Lipids (g/d) | 50.9 (18.4) |
56.7 (18.3) |
60.7 (21.5) |
63.5 (24.9) |
81.6 (41.0) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 163.8 (100.8) |
182.9 (80.5) |
189.9 (86.1) |
203.0 (110.4) |
262.4 (145.5) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fatty acids (%) | 19.1 (7.3) |
22.2 (8.3) |
23.6 (8.6) |
24.8 (9.2) |
33.3 (16.6) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| MUFA (%) | 22.6 (7.0) |
24.5 (7.6) |
25.9 (9.4) |
26.8 (11.1) |
32.3 (15.6) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| PUFA (%) | 10.4 (4.4) |
10.8 (4.0) |
11.5 (5.8) |
11.3 (5.3) |
13.6 (8.5) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total n-3 PUFA (%) | 1.7 (0.8) |
1.7 (0.8) |
1.7 (0.7) |
1.7 (1.0) |
1.8 (1.1) |
0.873 | 0.393 |
| Seafood n-3 PUFA (%) | 0.6 (0.6) |
0.6 (0.5) |
0.5 (0.4) |
0.6 (0.7) |
0.5 (0.7) |
0.866 | 0.710 |
| Plant n-3 PUFA (%) | 1.1 (0.5) |
1.2 (0.5) |
1.2 (0.5) |
1.2 (0.5) |
1.2 (0.7) |
0.197 | 0.075 |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 309.4 (126.2) |
314.2 (127.9) |
309.8 (121.7) |
288.4 (104.6) |
319.8 (153.8) |
0.009 | 0.753 |
| Total fiber (g/d) | 38.5 (24.3) |
34.5 (15.6) |
33.3 (14.7) |
29.6 (13.2) |
31.4 (20.6) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/d) | 2713.2 (1065.1) |
2899.2 (1203.7) |
2890.6 (987.9) |
2967.4 (1098.9) |
3192.5 (1582.0) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mg/d) | 4104.0 (2327.0) |
3800.0 (1443.7) |
3820.1 (1595.1) |
3593.0 (1410.5) |
3984.2 (2360.1) |
0.002 | 0.125 |
| Vitamin A (retinol eq.) | 953.2 (579.9) |
905.7 (463.4) |
905.6 (411.5) |
843.6 (393.4) |
884.2 (496.5) |
0.027 | 0.008 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 195.9 (158.7) |
171.8 (111.4) |
163.9 (96.3) |
146.7 (83.2) |
155.0 (122.4) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 8.7 (3.6) |
8.7 (3.2) |
9.0 (3.5) |
8.9 (4.0) |
10.0 (5.7) |
<0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (microg/d) | 5.3 (5.0) |
5.4 (4.7) |
5.7 (5.6) |
5.9 (7.2) |
6.9 (9.5) |
0.010 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (microg/d) | 6.5 (12.0) | 6.1(3.8) | 6.6(4.5) | 7.1(5.9) | 8.3(7.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |