Table 1.
Representative studies evaluating oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19.
| Design/Reference | Oral Lesions (Percentage, Frequency) | Sample | Country |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case series, Sinadinos, 2020 [9] |
Herpetic recurrent stomatitis (n = 2, 67%) Erythema multiform (n = 1, 33%) |
3 | UK |
| Cross-sectional study, Mascitti, 2020 [52] |
Oral lichenoid lesions (n = 13, 32.5%) Oral enanthem (n = 11, 27.5%) Macroglossia (n = 10, 25%) Herpes (n = 1, 2.5%) Cheilitis (n = 5, 12.5%) |
40 | France |
| Case series, Carreras-Presas, 2021 [53] |
Herpetic recurrent stomatitis (n = 1, 33.3%) Multiple ulcerations on palate (n = 1, 33.3%) Desquamative gingivitis (n = 1, 33.3%) |
3 | Spain |
| Cross-sectional study Katz, 2021 [54] |
Aphthous stomatitis (n = 6, 0.67%) | 889 | USA |
| Cross-sectional study Halepa, 2021 [55] |
Red or swollen lips (n = 23, 48.9%) Strawberry tongue = (n = 5, 10.6%) Other oral manifestation (n = 7, 14.9%) |
47 | USA |
| Cross-sectional study Fidan, 2021 [56] |
Aphthous-like ulcers (n = 27, 46.6%) Erythema (n = 19, 32.8%) Lichen planus (n = 12, 20.6%) |
74 | Turkey |
| Cross-sectional study Favia, 2021 [57] |
Geographic tongue (n = 2, 2%) Fissured tongue (n = 3, 2%) Ulcerative lesion (n = 65, 53%) Blisters (n = 19, 15%) Hyperplasia of papillae (n = 48, 39%) Angina bullosa (n = 11, 9%) Candidiasis (n = 28, 23%) Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (n = 7, 6%) Petechiae (n = 14, 11%) Spontaneous oral hemorrhage (n = 1, 1%) |
123 | Italy |
| Cross-sectional study Falah, 2020 [58] |
Oral cavity changes (n = 9, 90%) (unspecified) | 10 | Pakistan |
| Case series Cruz Tapia, 2020 [59] |
Angina bullosa hemorrhagic-like lesion (n = 2, 50%) Vascular disorder associated with COVID-19 (n = 1, 25%) Mucosal nonspecific localized vasculitis and thrombosis (n = 1, 25%) |
4 | Columbia, Brazil, and Mexico |
| Case series Brandão, 2021 [10] |
Ulcer (n = 4, 50%) Focal erythema/petechiae (n = 1, 13%) Aphthous-like ulcers (n = 2, 25%) Hemorrhagic ulcer (n = 2, 25%) |
5 | Brazil |
| Cross-sectional study Abubakr, 2021 [60] |
Ulcerations (n = 117, 20.4%) Xerostomia (n = 273, 47.6%) Oral or dental pain (n = 132, 23%) Pain in jaw joint (n = 69, 12%) Halitosis (n = 60, 10.5%) |
665 | Egypt |
| Cross-sectional study Retrospective study Bardellini, 2021 [61] |
Oral pseudomembranous candidiasis (n = 2, 7.4%) Geographic tongue (n = 1, 3.7%) Coated tongue (n = 2, 7.4%) |
27 | Italy |