Table 2.
Odds or relative risk of poor education outcomes for adolescents with at least one ACE compared to those with no ACEs (n = 887).
| Education Outcome | Model 1—Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Model 2—Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Grade repetition | ||
| No | reference | reference |
| Yes | 2.83 (0.87, 9.23) | 1.72 (0.50, 5.93) |
| In-school or out-of-school suspension | ||
| Never | reference | reference |
| 1 or more | 3.40 *** (1.69, 6.84) | 3.33 *** (1.61, 6.92) |
| RRR a (95% CI) | adjusted RRR (95% CI) | |
| Self-reported grades | ||
| A | reference | reference |
| B | 1.43 (0.89, 2.32) | 1.11 (0.67, 1.84) |
| C or lower | 5.16 *** (2.34, 11.36) | 3.21 ** (1.42, 7.29) |
| Absenteeism (monthly) | ||
| 0 | reference | reference |
| 1–3 days | 1.40 (0.92, 2.14) | 1.44 (0.91, 2.28) |
| 4 or more days | 3.18 *** (1.72, 5.90) | 2.45 ** (1.28, 4.68) |
| Educational aspirations | ||
| High school or less | 3.30 *** (1.64, 6.68) | 1.93 (0.92, 4.03) |
| Any postsecondary | reference | reference |
| I don’t know | 4.82 ** (1.49, 15.58) | 3.34 * (1.00, 11.13) |
ACE = adverse childhood experience; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; RRR = relative risk ratio; models adjusted for sex, age, and household income, a Stata computes relative risk ratio and not odds ratios for multinomial logistic regression; * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001.