Table 3.
Statistical significance and direction of effect between temperature exposures and outcomes.
| High-Temperature Exposure | Cardiovascular Disease | Statistical Significance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant (+) | Nonsignificant (+) | Significant (−) | Nonsignificant (−) | ||
| Ambient temperature | Total CVD | Adeyeye et al. [26]: lag4,6,7 Hotz and Hajat [32] |
Bunker et al. [23] Sohail et al. [30]: 65–74 |
Adeyeye et al. [26]: lag0–1 | Phung et al. [16] Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64, 75+ Turner et al. [25] |
| Hyper/hypotension | Adeyeye et al. [26] a Bai et al. [35] |
||||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | Bayentin et al. [36]: women 45–64 compared to men 45–64 | Sohail et al. [30] | |||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | Bhaskaran et al. [22]: 7/13 studies Gebhard et al. [37]: women ≤ 55 years Rowland et al. [27]: lag0–5 (males, all ages, afternoon, evening, night, first-time AMI) Sun et al. [24] |
Rowland et al. [27]: lag0–5 (females), lag0–47 (females, males, all ages, night MI, first MI) Sohail et al. [30]: 65–74, 75+ Turner et al. [25] |
Gebhard et al. [37]: men ≤ 55 years during temperatures > 15 °C or daylight > 12 h Rowland et al. [27]: lag0–5 and lag0–47 (morning MI) |
Adeyeye et al. [26] a
Bunker et al. [23] Gebhard et al. [37]: men ≤ 55 years during spring/summer Rowland et al. [27]: lag0–5 (recurrent MI), lag0–47 (afternoon MI, evening MI, recurrent MI) Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 years |
|
| Dysrhythmia | Sohail et al. [30]: 65–74 | Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64, 75+ | |||
| Heart Failure | Adeyeye et al. [26] a | ||||
| Total Stroke | Hotz and Hajat [32] | Bunker et al. [23] Sohail et al. [30] Turner et al. [25] |
|||
| Ischemic Stroke | Bunker et al. [23] | Jimenez-Conde et al. [38] | |||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | Jimenez-Conde et al. [38] | Bunker et al. [23] | |||
| Apparent temperature | Total CVD | Adeyeye et al. [26]: lag4,6,7 | Bunker et al. [23] | Adeyeye et al. [26]: lag0–1 | Adeyeye et al. [26]: lag2 |
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | Bunker et al. [23] | ||||
| Total Stroke | Bunker et al. [23] | ||||
| Ischemic Stroke | Bunker et al. [23] | ||||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | Bunker et al. [23] | ||||
| Atmospheric temperature | Total CVD | Pintaric et al. [39] | |||
| Heat day | Total CVD | Isaksen et al. [33]: percent change in hospitalizations among those 85 years+, circulatory and cardiovascular | Lavigne et al. [34] b: lag0–1 respiratory ED visit | Isaksen et al. [33]: percent change in hospitalizations among those 45–64 years, cardiovascular Martínez-Solanas and Basagaña [31]: 16–84 years |
Isaksen et al. [33]: RR estimate, the percent change in hospitalizations among those 45–84 years, circulatory Lavigne et al. [34] b: CVD ED, lag0–13 respiratory ED visit Martínez-Solanas and Basagaña [31]: 85+ years |
| Hyper/hypotension | Lavigne et al. [34] b Bai et al. [35] |
||||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | Isaksen et al. [33]: percent change in hospitalizations among those 65–85+ years | Isaksen et al. [33]: RR estimate, the percent change in hospitalizations among those 45–64 years | |||
| Dysrhythmia | Bai et al. [35]: compared to minimum morbidity temperature percentile | Bai et al. [35]: compared to the 75th percentile | |||
| Total Stroke | Ha et al. [28]: lag 2 | Isaksen et al. [33]: RR estimate, percent change in hospitalizations among those 45–64 and 85+ years Ha et al. [28]: lag2 Martínez-Solanas and Basagaña [31]: 16–64 years, 85+ years |
Ha et al. [28]: lag0,1,3 Isaksen et al. [33]: percent change in hospitalizations among those 65–84 years Martínez-Solanas and Basagaña [31]: 75–84 years |
||
| Ischemic Stroke | Ha et al. [28]: lag2–3 | Ha et al. [28]: lag0–1 | |||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | Ha et al. [28] | ||||
| Heat wave | Total CVD | Chen et al. [29]: heat wave defined by minimum temperature Fuhrmann et al. [41] Guirguis et al. [40] Phung et al. [16] |
Chen et al. [29]: heat wave defined by the maximum temperature Sohail et al. [30]: 65–74 (all, short heat waves defined by 90th percentile), 75+ (long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile) |
Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (all, short, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 65–74 (long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 75+ (all, short heat waves defined by 90th percentile) |
|
| Hyper/hypotension | Chen et al. [29]: heat wave defined by the maximum temperature, lag0; heat wave defined by minimum temperature, lag1 Fuhrmann et al. [41]: 2007 heat wave |
Chen et al. [29]: heat wave defined by the maximum temperature, lag1; heat wave defined by minimum temperature, lag0 Fuhrmann et al. [41]: 2008 and 2011 heat wave Guirguis et al. [40] |
|||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | Fuhrmann et al. [41]: 2007 and 2008 heat wave Guirguis et al. [40] Chen et al. [29]: heat wave defined by minimum temperature |
Fuhrmann et al. [41]: 2011 heat wave Chen et al. [29]: heat wave defined by the maximum temperature, lag0 Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (short heat waves defined by 90th percentile), 65–74 (all, short heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 75+ (short heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile) Zacharias et al. [42]: ±2.5% excess hospital admissions |
Chen et al. [29]: heat wave defined by the maximum temperature, lag1 Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (all, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 65–74 (long heat waves defined by 90th percentile), 75+ (all, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile) Zacharias et al. [42]: ±2.5% excess hospital admissions |
||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | Guirguis et al. [40] Sohail et al. [30]: 65–74 (short heat waves defined by 90th percentile) |
Fuhrmann et al. [41] Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (short heat waves defined by 90th percentile), 65–74 (all heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 75+ (short heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile) |
Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (all, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 65–74 (long heat waves defined by 90th percentile), 75+ (all, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile) | ||
| Dysrhythmia | Guirguis et al. [40] Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by minimum temperature, lag0 |
Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by minimum temperature, lag1 Fuhrmann et al. [41] Sohail et al. [30]: 75+ (long heat waves defined by 90th percentile) |
Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (all heat waves defined by 90th percentile), 75+ (short heat waves defined by 90th percentile) | Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by the maximum temperature Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (short, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 65–74 (all, short, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 75+ (all heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile) |
|
| Heart Failure | Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by minimum temperature lag1 | Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by minimum temperature, lag0 Fuhrmann et al. [41] |
Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by the maximum temperature | ||
| Total Stroke | Ha et al. [28]: lag2 | Ha et al. [28]: lag1,3 Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (all, short heat waves defined by 90th percentile), 65–74 (all, short, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile), 75+ (all, short, long heat waves defined by 90th percentile; heat waves defined by 95th percentile) |
Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (heat waves defined by 95th percentile) | Ha et al. [28]: lag0 Sohail et al. [30]: 18–64 (long heat waves defined by 90th percentile) |
|
| Ischemic Stroke | Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by the maximum temperature, lag0 Guirguis et al. [40] Ha et al. [28]: lag2,3 |
Chen et al. [29]: heat waves defined by minimum temperature; heat waves defined by the maximum temperature at lag1 Fuhrmann et al. [41] |
Ha et al. [28]: lag0,1 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | Fuhrmann et al. [41]: 2008 Ha et al. [28]: lag0–2 |
Fuhrmann et al. [41]: 2007, 2011 Ha et al. [28]: lag3 |
|||
a Examined the association between high temperatures and ED visits for heat stress and dehydration among individuals with pre-existing CVDs. b Examined the association between high temperatures and ED visits for CVD and respiratory disease among individuals with pre-existing CVDs. Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; ED, emergency department; RR, relative risk.